Researchers have been interested in cross-cultural gender differences in personality for decades. Early research on the five-factor (FFM) model of personality focused on estimating the difference between men and women on personality dimensions, however results have varied. Using a large cross-country sample of personality data and advanced analytic techniques, we uncover accurate estimates of cross-country gender differences in personality. Relatively small ($\widehat{\overline{\overline{\delta }}}$ < |0.10|) cross-country gender differences emerged on most FFM dimensions, with the largest differences emerging for Emotional Stability ($\widehat{\overline{\overline{\delta }}}$ = 0.38) and Agreeableness ($\widehat{\overline{\overline{\delta }}}$ = −0.17). After controlling for socioeconomic indicators, gender indicators, and Type I error, only country-level Individualism accounted for unique variance in effect size differences for Emotional Stability. Implications and future directions are discussed.

数十年来，研究人员一直对跨文化的性别差异感兴趣。对人格的五因素（FFM）模型的早期研究着重于估计男女在人格维度上的差异，但是结果却有所不同。通过使用大量的跨国性人格数据样本和先进的分析技术，我们发现了跨国性人格性别差异的准确估计。相对较小（$\widehat{\overline{\overline{\delta }}}$ <| 0.10 |）在大多数FFM维度上都出现了跨国性别差异，其中最大的差异出现在情绪稳定性上（$\widehat{\overline{\overline{\delta }}}$ = 0.38）和满意程度（$\widehat{\overline{\overline{\delta }}}$ = −0.17）。在控制了社会经济指标，性别指标和第一类错误之后，只有国家一级的个人主义才对情绪稳定的影响大小差异造成了独特的影响。讨论了含义和未来方向。