Although compassionate goals often result in harmonious relationships, people with higher compassionate goals expressed dissent toward their ingroup, both directly (Study 1) and indirectly, through higher collectively oriented motives (Studies 2–4). They expressed dissent in clearer and less harmful ways, and were more likely to take ownership of their opinions (Studies 2–4). In contrast, the goals to project a desirable self-image showed mixed associations with the degree and methods of dissent expression. Similar results emerged in two contrasting socio-cultural contexts, namely Japan (Studies 1, 2, and 3) and the U.S. (Studies 3 and 4). Unlike interdependent cultural orientation, which involves the avoidance of confrontation, compassionate goals may promote dissent expression to ingroup members by highlighting the benefit of dissent for the group.

尽管富有同情心的目标通常会导致和谐的关系，但富有同情心的目标的人表示直接或间接地通过较高的集体动机（研究2–4）对自己的群体表示异议（研究1）。他们以更清晰，更少危害的方式表达了异议，并且更有可能对他们的观点拥有自主权（研究2-4）。相反，投射出理想的自我形象的目标表明了与异议表达的程度和方法的混杂关系。在两个相反的社会文化背景下，日本（研究1、2和3）和美国（研究3和4）也出现了类似的结果。与相互依赖的文化取向不同，后者涉及避免对抗，