Previous work on Expressive Voting has focused on the desire of voters to express what they are for and thus who they are. But, often also as important, is the desire of voters to express what they are against, and who they are not. In this paper we extend the standard formulation of Expressive Voting to account for this possibility. Using data for the UK we find empirical evidence that the desire to boo has been increasingly important at recent elections. The implications of this for recent trends in political polarization are discussed.

中文翻译：

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以嘘声和欢呼进行富有表现力的投票：来自英国的证据

先前有关“表达投票”的工作集中在选民表达他们的目的以及他们的身份的愿望上。但是，往往也同样重要，是选民表示他们是什么的欲望反对，他们谁不是。在本文中，我们扩展了表达投票的标准公式，以解决这种可能性。使用英国的数据，我们发现经验证据表明，在最近的选举中，嘘声的重要性变得越来越重要。讨论了这对近期政治两极化趋势的影响。