ABSTRACT

Purpose

To assess the inclusivity of on-farm demonstration across Europe, in relation to age, gender, and geographical location of participants.

Methodology

The paper is based on a survey of 1162 on-farm demonstrators (farmers and organisations) and three supra-regional workshops.

Findings

Overall, on farm-demonstrations were found to be engaging young(er) farmers who are at a career stage of being able to implement long-term innovations. However, across Europe demonstrations were primarily attended by men. On-farm demonstrations were most common in Northern Europe, where advisory services brought together multiple AKIS actors. There were fewer on-farm demonstrations in Southern Europe, where demonstrations were more likely to be led by research institutes or individual farmers. Eastern Europe is notable for greater diversity in terms of gender and age of demonstration participants. Within countries, on-farm demonstrations occurred more frequently in regions of high agricultural profitability; more remotely located farmers had fewer opportunities to participate.

Practical implications

Demonstrations led by public and privately funded advisory services appear to attract primarily male farmers, thus reinforcing gendered patterns of participation in European agriculture. The location of advisory services and research institutes in high profitability locales disproportionately privileges farmers located there. More targeted efforts are required to ensure the participation of farmers who are female, older and located in less productive regions.

Theoretical implications

The paper draws attention to the lack of inclusivity of on-farm demonstration, developing a conceptual framework based on Lukes’ three faces of power.

Originality

The paper utilises the first European-wide inventory of on-farm demonstration to assess inclusivity.

中文翻译：

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农场示范的包容性：性别、年龄和地理位置

摘要

目的

评估整个欧洲农场示范的包容性，与参与者的年龄、性别和地理位置有关。

方法

该论文基于对 1162 名农场示威者（农民和组织）和三个超区域研讨会的调查。

发现

总体而言，在农场示范中发现正在吸引处于能够实施长期创新的职业阶段的年轻（er）农民。然而，整个欧洲的示威活动主要由男性参加。农场示范在北欧最为常见，那里的咨询服务汇集了多个 AKIS 参与者。南欧的农场示威较少，那里的示威更有可能由研究机构或个体农民领导。东欧在示威参与者的性别和年龄方面具有更大的多样性。在国家内部，在农业利润率高的地区更频繁地发生农场示范；地处偏远的农民参与的机会较少。

实际影响

由公共和私人资助的咨询服务领导的示威活动似乎主要吸引男性农民，从而加强了参与欧洲农业的性别模式。咨询服务和研究机构位于高利润地区，为当地农民提供了不成比例的特权。需要更有针对性的努力来确保女性、年长和位于生产力较低地区的农民的参与。

理论意义

该论文提请注意农场示范缺乏包容性，并基于卢克斯的三个权力面开发了一个概念框架。

独创性

该论文利用第一个欧洲范围内的农场示范清单来评估包容性。