Using both rare and ethnically identified surnames, this study tracks the economic status of social groups in Costa Rica between 1840 and 2006. The results show that, despite its relative equality compared to most of Latin America, social mobility rates in Costa Rica were low, with an intergenerational correlation of status at the surname level near 0.8. Social mobility rates in recent years have been as low as they were in the nineteenth century. Interestingly, however, these low rates of mobility are no worse than those in Chile, England, or Sweden in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. There is no indication that Costa Rica was an unusually immobile society, despite its ethnic differences and Latin America's reputation for low social mobility rates.

中文翻译：

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哥斯达黎加的历史社会分层和流动性，1840-2006 年†

本研究使用稀有姓氏和种族识别姓氏，追踪了 1840 年至 2006 年哥斯达黎加社会群体的经济状况。 结果表明，尽管与拉丁美洲大部分地区相比，哥斯达黎加的社会流动率相对平等，但其社会流动率较低，姓氏级别的代际相关性接近 0.8。近年来的社会流动率与 19 世纪一样低。然而，有趣的是，这些低流动率并不比 19 世纪和 20 世纪的智利、英国或瑞典差。没有迹象表明哥斯达黎加是一个异常不流动的社会，尽管其种族差异和拉丁美洲以低社会流动率着称。