Food systems have increasingly strong impacts on the environment, and they influence our human well‐being. In Switzerland, food consumption accounts for one‐third of the environmental impact caused by total final consumption. At the same time, non‐communicable diseases have been linked to a number of dietary aspects. In Switzerland, all non‐communicable diseases together are responsible for 80% of total public health care costs annually. Current assessments that link environmental sustainability and human health‐oriented diets for Switzerland lack a transparent representation of the dynamic effects caused by large‐scale conversions of the food system. In this study, therefore, a system dynamics model is employed to investigate intended and unintended changes on the food system structure and on environmental impacts. Several human health‐oriented scenarios are implemented and tested with different production‐ and consumption‐side intervention strategies. Because all scenarios assuming an increase in the consumption of plant‐based products also involve higher consumption of dairy products, consequences for bovine meat need to be considered. The biological link between milk and bovine meat production leads to an unintended increase in bovine meat production as milk production increases. Intervention strategies at the consumption level thus need to be accompanied by intervention strategies at the agricultural production level. Similarly, intervention strategies that aim at improving health outcomes at the production level need to be accompanied by strategies that affect diets and thus consumption preferences. Avoiding instances of policy resistance requires integrated policy design and implementation across agriculture, the environment and human health. This integration is a challenge for farmers, the food industry and consumers alike.

中文翻译：

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可持续健康饮食：瑞士的协同增效与权衡

粮食系统对环境的影响越来越大，它们影响着我们的人类福祉。在瑞士，食品消费占最终总消费量对环境的影响的三分之一。同时，非传染性疾病与许多饮食方面有关。在瑞士，所有非传染性疾病加在一起每年占公共卫生总费用的80％。目前将瑞士的环境可持续性与以人类健康为导向的饮食联系起来的评估缺乏对由粮食系统大规模转换所造成的动态影响的透明表示。因此，在这项研究中，采用了系统动力学模型来研究食品系统结构和环境影响的预期和非预期变化。实施了几种以人类健康为导向的方案，并通过不同的生产和消费方干预策略进行了测试。由于所有假定植物类产品消费量增加的情况都涉及乳制品的更高消费量，因此需要考虑对牛肉的后果。牛奶和牛肉产量之间的生物学联系会导致牛乳产量随牛奶产量的增加而意外增加。因此，在消费水平上的干预战略需要与在农业生产水平上的干预战略相伴。同样，旨在改善生产水平上的健康结果的干预策略也需要伴随着影响饮食从而影响消费偏好的策略。避免政策抵制的情况要求跨农业，环境和人类健康进行综合的政策设计和实施。这种整合对农民，食品工业和消费者都是一个挑战。