Since production and trade are increasingly organized within global value chains (GVCs), assessing who effectively pays the cost of protection is not straightforward and since productive processes are internationally fragmented, quantifying the effects of trade policy requires an enhanced analytical framework that takes international input–output linkages into account to assess the implications trade costs have on competitiveness at national and sector levels. This paper defines a new synthetic measure of trade protection based on the value added in trade, capturing the effects that the tariff structure has on exporting firms that rely on imported intermediate inputs. The index, defined in a general equilibrium framework, provides a theoretically sound protection measurement in the context of GVCs. We assess trade protection by computing protection indexes at the bilateral level on both gross imports and imports to exports using the Global Trade Analysis Project computable general equilibrium model. These indexes are used to investigate the relationship between the European Union tariffs and integration of the Italian GVCs. In the case of Italy, imports to exports are overall less protected than gross imports with significant differences at the sector level. Despite the low levels of nominal protection, industrial sectors play a central role in explaining our results. EU tariffs mostly affect Italian exporting firms in the case of chemical products, wearing apparel and leather products. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40888-020-00202-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

中文翻译：

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意大利出口公司的进口关税成本评估

由于生产和贸易越来越多地在全球价值链 (GVC) 中组织起来，评估谁有效支付保护成本并不简单，而且由于生产过程在国际上是分散的，量化贸易政策的影响需要一个增强的分析框架，该框架需要国际投入——考虑到产出联系，以评估贸易成本对国家和部门层面竞争力的影响。本文根据贸易增加值定义了一种新的综合贸易保护措施，捕捉关税结构对依赖进口中间投入的出口企业的影响。该指数在一般均衡框架中定义，在全球价值链的背景下提供了理论上合理的保护措施。我们使用全球贸易分析项目可计算一般均衡模型，通过计算双边层面的进出口总额和进出口总额的保护指数来评估贸易保护。这些指数用于调查欧盟关税与意大利全球价值链整合之间的关系。就意大利而言，对出口的进口总体上受到的保护低于总进口，在行业层面存在显着差异。尽管名义保护水平较低，但工业部门在解释我们的结果方面发挥着核心作用。欧盟关税主要影响化学产品、服装和皮革产品的意大利出口公司。电子补充材料本文网络版（10.1007/s40888-020-00202-8）包含补充材料，