Purpose The purpose of this umbrella review was to synthesize the evidence from published systematic reviews on the effectiveness of text message programs for adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on glycemic management (A1C), self-management, and other clinical outcomes. The effect of directionality of the program was also explored. Methods A systematic search was conducted using multiple databases. Inclusion criteria were systematic review of text message programs for adults with T2DM, evaluated A1C, and English language. Quality assessment was completed using AMSTAR-2 guidelines. Data were extracted by multiple coders, and results were synthesized. Results The final sample included 9 systematic reviews published between 2011 and 2019, with 72 unique international studies. Text message programs focused on diabetes self-management and reducing health risks through educational and motivational content with some providing personalized feedback. A meta-analysis of program effect on A1C was conducted in 5 reviews with a pooled difference in A1C from −0.38% to −0.8%. Adults with T2DM of shorter duration and lower A1C had better treatment effects. Evidence on unidirectional versus bidirectional programs is conflicting; however, both improve outcomes. Evidence of text message programs targeting medication engagement was inconclusive. Some programs improved blood pressure, lipids, self-management, self-efficacy, and health behaviors. High satisfaction and an average of 9.6% to 18.7% attrition was reported. Conclusions Text messaging programs can improve T2DM outcomes, are a highly accessible mode of communication, are relatively inexpensive, and are an underutilized adjunct to clinical care.

中文翻译：

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成人 2 型糖尿病短信程序的总览

目的 本总体综述的目的是综合已发表的系统综述的证据，这些综述涉及成人 2 型糖尿病 (T2DM) 的短信程序对血糖管理 (A1C)、自我管理和其他临床结果的有效性。还探讨了程序方向性的影响。方法使用多个数据库进行系统搜索。纳入标准是对 T2DM 成人短信程序的系统评价、A1C 评估和英语语言。使用 AMSTAR-2 指南完成质量评估。数据由多个编码器提取，并合成结果。结果 最终样本包括 2011 年至 2019 年间发表的 9 篇系统评价，以及 72 项独特的国际研究。短信计划侧重于糖尿病自我管理和通过教育和激励内容降低健康风险，其中一些提供个性化反馈。在 5 篇评论中对项目对 A1C 的影响进行了荟萃分析，A1C 的汇总差异从 -0.38% 到 -0.8%。病程较短和 A1C 较低的 T2DM 成人治疗效果更好。关于单向和双向计划的证据相互矛盾；然而，两者都能改善结果。针对药物参与的短信计划的证据尚无定论。一些项目改善了血压、血脂、自我管理、自我效能和健康行为。据报道，高满意度和平均 9.6% 至 18.7% 的流失率。结论 短信程序可以改善 T2DM 结果，是一种高度可访问的通信方式，