Abstract Context Although the roots and stems of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith. [Schisandraceae] are herbs and traditional foods in Li nationality, its toxicity remains unclear. Objective To study developmental toxicity of K. coccinea consumption and explain underlying mechanisms. Materials and methods Zebrafish were applied to assess LC50 values of hydroethanol extract (KCH) and water extract (KCW) of Kadsura coccinea. In further study, three concentrations groups of KCH (3.75, 7.5 and 15 μg/mL for embryo, 7.5, 15 and 30 μg/mL for larvae) and control group (n = 30) were administered. At specific stages of zebrafish development, spontaneous movement, hatching rate, etc., were measured. Gene expressions related to developmental toxicity were examined. Results The LC50 value of KCH (24 or 45 μg/mL) was lower than KCW (1447 or 2011 μg/mL) in embryos or larvae. The inhibited spontaneous movement (20%), hatching rate (20%), body length (12%) and eye area (30%) were observed after KCH treatment. Moreover, the decreased liver areas (25%) and fluorescence intensity (33%), increased ALT (37%) and AST levels (42%) were found in larvae treated with KCH (30 μg/mL). The increased ROS (89%), MDA concentrations (30%), apoptosis generation (62%) and decreased T-SOD activity (16%) were also observed. The represented genes of developmental hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis in zebrafish were activated after KCH (15 or 30 μg/mL) treatment. Discussion and conclusions These results demonstrate that KCH has developmental toxicity on zebrafish. Our study provides a scientific basis for further research on the toxicity of Kadsura coccinea.

中文翻译：

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Kadsura coccinea 提取物的根和茎通过细胞凋亡和氧化应激诱导斑马鱼胚胎/幼虫的发育毒性

摘要背景 虽然 Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) AC Smith 的根和茎。【五味子科】是黎族的药材和传统食品，其毒性尚不明确。目的研究 K. coccinea 食用的发育毒性并解释其潜在机制。材料和方法 斑马鱼用于评估 Kadsura coccinea 的水乙醇提取物 (KCH) 和水提取物 (KCW) 的 LC50 值。在进一步的研究中，给予三个浓度组的 KCH（胚胎为 3.75、7.5 和 15 μg/mL，幼虫为 7.5、15 和 30 μg/mL）和对照组（n = 30）。在斑马鱼发育的特定阶段，测量自发运动、孵化率等。检查了与发育毒性相关的基因表达。结果 KCH在胚胎或幼虫中的LC50值（24或45 μg/mL）低于KCW（1447或2011 μg/mL）。KCH处理后观察到自发运动受抑制（20%）、孵化率（20%）、体长（12%）和眼面积（30%）。此外，在用 KCH (30 μg/mL) 处理的幼虫中发现肝脏面积 (25%) 和荧光强度 (33%) 减少，ALT (37%) 和 AST 水平 (42%) 增加。还观察到增加的 ROS (89%)、MDA 浓度 (30%)、细胞凋亡 (62%) 和降低的 T-SOD 活性 (16%)。在 KCH（15 或 30 μg/mL）处理后，斑马鱼发育肝毒性、氧化应激和细胞凋亡的代表性基因被激活。讨论和结论 这些结果表明 KCH 对斑马鱼具有发育毒性。