Animal populations face increased threats to mobility and access to critical habitat from a variety of human disturbances including roads, residential development, agriculture, and energy development. Disturbance from human hunting is known to alter habitat use in ungulates, but recent work suggests that hunting may also trigger the onset of migration. Whether this holds true across ungulate species and hunting systems warrants further empirical testing. We used global positioning system location data from mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in south‐central Wyoming, USA, to evaluate the sex‐specific effects of hunting on habitat selection and migratory behavior from 2016 to 2018. We modeled habitat selection before and during hunting season using a step selection function, and we used time‐to‐event models to evaluate if hunting triggered migration. We found habitat selection and migration timing to be sex specific. Males responded to hunting season by selecting security habitat away from motorized routes, whereas females used habitat through hunting season that retained higher forage quality. Weather, as indexed by temperature and precipitation (i.e., snowfall), influenced migration timing for males and females. Migration timing in males was influenced by migration distance, where individuals traveling >50 km tended to migrate earlier than individuals moving <50 km. For deer that survived to rifle season, hunting was less influential on migration timing than environmental factors. Rifle season increased the likelihood of migration by 2% in females and <0.01% in males compared to outside rifle season. Our findings suggest that roadless areas on mule deer summer ranges and within migration corridors reduce the effects of hunting disturbance. Consequently, managers may consider limiting the use of motorized vehicles as a method for reducing effects on migration from hunting disturbance. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.

中文翻译：

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步枪季节猎M的性别特定行为

各种人类干扰因素，包括道路，住宅开发，农业和能源开发，对动物的迁徙和进入关键栖息地的威胁日益增加。众所周知，人类狩猎的干扰会改变有蹄类动物的栖息地使用，但最近的研究表明，狩猎也可能会触发迁移。这在有蹄类动物和狩猎系统中是否成立还需要进一步的经验检验。我们使用了m鹿（Odocoileus hemionus）的全球定位系统位置数据）在美国怀俄明州中南部，以评估2016年至2018年狩猎对栖息地选择和迁徙行为的性别特异性影响。我们使用逐步选择功能对狩猎季节之前和期间的栖息地选择进行建模，并使用时间事件模型，用于评估狩猎是否触发了迁移。我们发现栖息地选择和迁徙时机是性别特定的。雄性对狩猎季节的反应是选择远离机动路线的安全栖息地，而雌性则在整个狩猎季节使用保留较高草料质量的栖息地。以温度和降水（即降雪）为指标的天气影响了男性和女性的迁徙时间。男性的迁徙时间受到迁徙距离的影响，在此行进中，> 50 km的人倾向于比早于<50 km的人迁徙。对于存活到步枪季节的鹿来说，狩猎对迁移时间的影响小于环境因素。与外部步枪季节相比，步枪季节使女性迁移的可能性增加了2％，而男性则<0.01％。我们的发现表明，summer鹿夏季范围内和迁徙走廊内的无路区域可减少狩猎干扰的影响。因此，管理者可以考虑限制使用机动车辆作为减少因狩猎干扰而对迁徙造成影响的方法。©2020野生动物协会。我们的发现表明，summer鹿夏季范围内和迁徙走廊内的无路区域可减少狩猎干扰的影响。因此，管理者可以考虑限制使用机动车辆作为减少因狩猎干扰而对迁徙造成影响的方法。©2020野生动物协会。我们的发现表明，summer鹿夏季范围内和迁徙走廊内的无路区域可减少狩猎干扰的影响。因此，管理者可以考虑限制使用机动车辆作为减少因狩猎干扰而对迁徙造成影响的方法。©2020野生动物协会。