Rhoptries are specialized secretory organelles found in the Apicomplexa phylum, playing a central role in the establishment of parasitism. The rhoptry content includes membranous as well as proteinaceous materials that are discharged into the host cell in a regulated fashion during parasite entry. A set of rhoptry neck proteins form a RON complex that critically participates in the moving junction formation during invasion. Some of the rhoptry bulb proteins are associated with the membranous materials and contribute to the formation of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane while others are targeted into the host cell including the nucleus to subvert cellular functions. Here, we review the recent studies on Toxoplasma and Plasmodium parasites that shed light on the key steps leading to rhoptry biogenesis, trafficking, and discharge.

中文翻译：

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Rhoptries 的生物发生和放电：Apicomplexa 进入和劫持宿主细胞的关键细胞器

Rhoptries 是在 Apicomplexa 门中发现的专门的分泌细胞器，在寄生的建立中起着核心作用。菱形内含物包括膜质和蛋白质物质，它们在寄生虫进入期间以受调节的方式排放到宿主细胞中。一组菱形颈蛋白形成一个 RON 复合物，它在入侵过程中关键地参与了移动连接的形成。一些菱形球蛋白与膜质材料相关并有助于形成寄生液泡膜，而其他则靶向宿主细胞（包括细胞核）以破坏细胞功能。在这里，我们回顾一下最近关于弓形虫和疟原虫的研究 寄生虫揭示了导致菱形生物发生、贩运和排放的关键步骤。