Results from a new grammaticality‐judgment experiment in French confirm the published finding in English that sentences containing a Superiority violation involving a bare extracted element and a lexically restricted intervener (e.g., ‘What did which student buy?’), a configuration termed inverse inclusion, are more acceptable than those involving a lexically restricted extracted element and a bare intervener (e.g., ‘Which book did who buy’), a configuration termed inclusion. To account for this pattern, we adopt an explicit implementation of covert movement and propose some modifications in the characterization of the class of interveners. Interestingly, experimental findings on extraction from wh islands attest the opposite pattern: there, inclusion is more acceptable than inverse inclusion. We argue that whereas (overt) extraction from wh islands is sensitive to the feature content of the extractee and the intervener (i.e., whether or not they are lexically restricted), the degree of (un)acceptability of Superiority violations hinges on the different landing‐site options that the features of the extractee and the intervener permit.

中文翻译：

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多个Wh问题中的秘密运动：实验和理论研究

来自法语的一项新的语法判断实验的结果证实了英语中已发表的发现，即发现句子中包含优越性违规，涉及一个裸露的抽取元素和一个词法受限的干预者（例如，“哪个学生买了什么？”），这种配置被称为反向包含，比那些涉及受词法限制的抽取元素和裸露的干预者（例如，“谁买了哪本书”）的配置（称为“包含”的配置）更容易接受。为了说明这种模式，我们采用了隐蔽移动的显式实现，并建议对干预者类别的特征进行一些修改。有趣的是，从白藜芦醇中提取的实验结果岛证明了相反的模式：在那里，包含比反向包含更容易接受。我们认为，而从（公开）提取WH岛屿是对extractee的特色内容和干预者（即，无论它们是否是词法限制）敏感，优势侵犯铰链（UN）可接受的不同着陆的程度提取者和干预者的功能允许的现场选项。