The international environmental regulation of all types of energy generation activities at sea is first and foremost anchored to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). However, both at the global and regional levels, UNCLOS is complemented by an array of evolving environmental agreements. These normative developments can put flesh on the bare bones of the general (due diligence) obligation of States to protect the marine environment with regard to offshore energy activities. Parallel to binding obligations under environmental agreements, there are a variety of non‐binding instruments, which can also play a key role in enriching the content of prevention obligations. Depending on their source, their form and the procedure by which they are adopted, these non‐binding pronouncements may become legally relevant as interpretative guidance or standard of proof that a State has exercised due diligence. In this context, the article posits that synergies among environmental instruments and the interaction of non‐binding instruments with binding rules of international law can fill the current legal gaps and strengthen the international legal standards for the regulation of this environmentally sensitive sector.

中文翻译：

---

海上能源生产的全球环境法规：寻求海洋治理的法律标准

海上所有类型的能源生产活动的国际环境法规首先是基于《联合国海洋法公约》（UNCLOS）。但是，在全球和区域一级，《海洋法公约》都辅之以一系列不断发展的环境协定。这些规范性发展可以充实各国在海上能源活动方面保护海洋环境的一般义务（尽职调查）。与环境协议下的具有约束力的义务并行，有多种不具约束力的文书，它们在丰富预防义务的内容方面也可以发挥关键作用。根据其来源，形式和采用方式，这些不具约束力的声明可能在法律上具有相关性，可以作为一国已尽职调查的解释性指导或证据标准。在这种情况下，该文章认为，环境文书之间的协同作用以及不具约束力的文书与具有约束力的国际法规则之间的相互作用可以填补当前的法律空白，并加强对这一环境敏感部门进行监管的国际法律标准。