In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring indirect governance at the global level. However, very little work has considered these relationships in the domain of energy. In fragmented global governance domains, such as energy, the G20 has frequently been identified as an actor capable of steering other actors via indirect forms of governance. Yet to date, we do not have answers to key questions including, what is the range of actors being enrolled by the G20? And what governance functions are these actors enrolled to perform? To answer these questions, I utilize a novel database of G20 enrollment since 2008, which shows that the G20 enrolls international organizations more frequently than any other actor, and that agenda setting is the most commonly performed governance function. These data are then matched with qualitative interview data to make descriptive inferences about the patterns of global energy governance, including the extent of fragmentation, the identity of focal actors, and the G20's steering role, and how these patterns have changed over time.

中文翻译：

---

指导全球能源治理：谁来治理，他们做什么？

近年来，人们对探索全球层面的间接治理越来越感兴趣。然而，很少有工作考虑到能量领域中的这些关系。在能源等分散的全球治理领域，G20 经常被认为是能够通过间接治理形式引导其他参与者的参与者。然而，迄今为止，我们还没有回答关键问题，包括 G20 招募的演员范围有哪些？这些参与者注册执行哪些治理职能？为了回答这些问题，我使用了一个新的自 2008 年以来 G20 注册数据库，这表明 G20 比任何其他参与者更频繁地注册国际组织，而议程设置是最常执行的治理功能。