Studies on the nonprofit pay differential find that nonprofit workers in the child day care industry earn more than comparable for‐profit workers, whereas nonprofit lawyers earn less than lawyers in for‐profit firms. Are nonprofit day care center workers less altruistic than for‐profit day care workers or nonprofit lawyers? The answer is yet to come. The study aims to test the donative labor hypothesis, which is derived from altruistic motivation. To estimate the donative labor effects on the individual level, I apply cross‐classified multilevel modeling to disentangle the confounding effects on the industry level and occupation level. Data are pooled from Census 2000 and American Community Survey 2005–2016 to provide individual, industry, and occupation information. Industries are cleaned based on the Statistics of Income data from the National Center for Charitable Statistics. My analysis finds that nonprofit workers earn 4.3% less than comparable for‐profit workers net of industry and occupation effects. The study contributes to elucidating the explanatory levels of different theories. The random‐effects modeling has established an exhaustive inventory of nonprofit pay differential across industry and occupation levels.

中文翻译：

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非营利组织的捐赠劳动效应：多层次解释

关于非营利性薪酬差异的研究发现，儿童日托行业中的非营利性工作者的收入要比同类营利性工作者的收入高，而非营利性律师的收入要小于营利性公司的律师。与营利性日托工作者或非营利性律师相比，非营利性日托中心工作人员的友善程度低吗？答案尚未到来。该研究旨在检验捐赠劳动假设，该假设源自利他动机。为了估计个人层面上的捐赠劳动效应，我应用了交叉分类的多层次模型来消除对行业层面和职业层面的混杂影响。数据来自2000年人口普查和2005-2016年美国社区调查，以提供个人，行业和职业信息。根据国家慈善统计中心的收入统计数据对行业进行清理。我的分析发现，扣除行业和职业影响后，非营利性工作者的收入比可比的营利性工作者低4.3％。该研究有助于阐明不同理论的解释水平。随机效应模型已经建立了详尽的行业和职业水平的非营利性薪酬差异清单。