The access to goods and their allocation (who gets what, when, where and how) is one of the analytical problems of the 2009 Earth System Governance (ESG) Science and Implementation Plan (Biermann, in: Earth System Governance project report, IHDP no. 1, International Human Dimensions Program, Bonn). The 2009 Science Plan distinguishes three dimensions of access: fair outcomes, adequate pathways and effective reallocation. This paper answers the question: how have scholars used concepts related to access and allocation in their research related to international aid, trade and investment. In other words, what have we learnt from the environmental governance literature about w ho gets what, when and why in the areas of international trade, aid or investment? To date there has not been an attempt to synthesise the findings of this research and this is the gap that this paper addresses. The paper first highlights the key themes in the literature on access and allocation from a justice perspective. It analyses the literature of the ESG and related communities over the last 10 years on international aid, trade, and investment, drawing out the important issues and findings. This study found that most papers applied empirical case study methodologies, highlighted how governance deficits contributed to environmental injustice and were normatively premised on the need to solve the particular and case based problems of global inequality related to resource use and distribution. However, existing studies fell short of identifying the conceptual preconditions and ideal parameters for fair access and allocation of environmental resources in international economic systems. Future research is needed on the extent, nature and causes of the underlying normative and structural elements of the international economic systems that entrench unfair access and allocation of environmental goods and services; on the nature and protagonists of environmental rights and duties and on the elements of governance that may guarantee fair access and allocation in international trade, aid and investment.

中文翻译：

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国际援助、贸易和投资以及准入和分配

商品的获取及其分配（谁获得什么、何时、何地以及如何获得）是 2009 年地球系统治理 (ESG) 科学和实施计划（Biermann，在：地球系统治理项目报告，IHDP no . 1，国际人文因素计划，波恩）。2009 年科学计划区分了获取的三个维度：公平的结果、适当的途径和有效的重新分配。本文回答了这样一个问题：学者们如何在他们与国际援助、贸易和投资相关的研究中使用与获取和分配相关的概念。换句话说，我们从环境治理文献中了解到在国际贸易领域谁得到什么、何时得到什么以及为什么得到什么，援助还是投资？迄今为止，还没有尝试综合这项研究的结果，这是本文解决的差距。本文首先从正义的角度突出了有关获取和分配的文献中的关键主题。它分析了过去 10 年 ESG 和相关社区在国际援助、贸易和投资方面的文献，得出了重要的问题和发现。这项研究发现，大多数论文都应用了实证案例研究方法，强调了治理赤字如何导致环境不公正，并且在规范上前提是需要解决与资源使用和分配相关的全球不平等的特定和基于案例的问题。然而，现有研究未能确定国际经济体系中环境资源公平获取和分配的概念前提和理想参数。未来需要对国际经济体系的潜在规范和结构要素的程度、性质和原因进行研究，这些要素导致环境商品和服务的不公平获取和分配；关于环境权利和义务的性质和主体，以及可能保证国际贸易、援助和投资公平准入和分配的治理要素。国际经济体系的基本规范和结构要素的性质和原因，这些要素导致环境商品和服务的不公平获取和分配；关于环境权利和义务的性质和主体，以及可能保证国际贸易、援助和投资公平准入和分配的治理要素。国际经济体系的基本规范和结构要素的性质和原因，这些要素导致环境商品和服务的不公平获取和分配；关于环境权利和义务的性质和主体，以及可能保证国际贸易、援助和投资公平准入和分配的治理要素。