Australian supermarkets had one of the highest levels of concentration among developed economies by 2000. This paper explores the making of a duopoly comprising Coles and Woolworths. We present historical data on market shares in Australia and international comparisons for around 2000. We identify the evolution of their dynamic capabilities through the lens of Teece, Pisano and Shuen's positions, paths and processes (1997). The industrial organisation literature stresses interaction become rivals, notably pre‐emptive strategies including sunk costs (Lee and Ng 2007; Sutton 1991). We argue that the development of dynamic capabilities enabled the execution of various pre‐emptive strategies.

中文翻译：

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1958–2000年澳大利亚超市双头垄断的形成

到2000年，澳大利亚的超市是发达国家中集中度最高的超市之一。本文探讨了由Coles和Woolworths组成的双头垄断的形成。我们提供了有关澳大利亚市场份额的历史数据以及2000年左右的国际比较数据。我们通过Teece，Pisano和Shuen的职位，道路和流程（1997年）的视角来确定其动态能力的演变。行业组织的文献强调，互动会成为竞争者，尤其是包括沉没成本在内的先发制人策略（Lee和Ng 2007； Sutton 1991）。我们认为，动态能力的发展使各种先发制人的战略得以执行。