Anthropogenic soils known as Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs) have long been known as a key component of subsistence systems for various pre‐Columbian Amazonian populations. Often treated as a single category, ADE systems consist of two broad anthrosols (human‐modified soils): the darker ADE (traditionally known as terra preta) and a lighter brown Amazonian Brown Earth (ABE; traditionally known as terra mulata). Data on the characteristics and spatial distribution of these anthrosols are severely lacking. Transects of soil test pits at the Triunfo and Versalles archaeological sites in the Iténez Forest, in the Bolivian Amazon, show variability in the distribution of soil types, revealing aspects of settlement organisation and resource management. Geochemical, isotopic and archaeobotanical data from an ADE, ABE and control soil profile from the Triunfo site, established ca. 500 cal BCE, characterise the two anthrosols as distinct components of a polyculture agroforestry subsistence system that combines anthropogenic soil fertilisation, closed‐canopy forest enrichment, limited forest clearance for crop cultivation and low‐severity fire management.

中文翻译：

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玻利维亚亚马逊河的人为土壤和定居组织

长期以来，被称为人为亚马逊黑土（ADEs）的人为土壤一直是各种哥伦布时期以前亚马逊人的生存系统的重要组成部分。ADE系统通常被视为一个类别，它由两种宽广的人为土壤（人类改良过的土壤）组成：较深的ADE（传统上称为terra preta）和较浅的棕色亚马逊棕壤（ABE；传统上称为terra mulata））。严重缺乏有关这些人为气溶胶的特征和空间分布的数据。玻利维亚亚马孙地区Iténez森林的Triunfo和Versalles考古遗址的土壤试验坑的剖面显示出土壤类型分布的变化，揭示了定居组织和资源管理的各个方面。由ADE，ABE提供的地球化学，同位素和古植物学数据，以及Triunfo站点的控制土壤剖面，已建立。公元前500 cal，将这两种人为土壤溶胶作为多元农业农林业生计系统的独特组成部分，该系统结合了人为土壤肥力，密闭冠层森林富集，有限的森林清除以用于农作物种植和低烈度火势管理。