Many studies document genetic and phenotypic trait changes of species in response to climate change, or document how evolution of individual species can impact population abundances and community composition. An integration of population and community‐level responses requires, however, a multiple species approach. Here we quantify among‐ and within‐species differences in thermal tolerance and life‐history traits in three co‐occurring Daphnia species upon exposure to a naturally occurring heat wave. Populations of randomly isolated clones of Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulicaria, and Daphnia galeata from the same pond were exposed to a natural heat wave in outdoor mesocosms. We subsequently conducted a common garden experiment in the laboratory using clonal lineages isolated at the end of the mesocosm selection experiment, at two rearing temperatures, measuring thermal tolerance and life‐history traits. We find pronounced plasticity responses to higher rearing thermal regime in each study species. We observe only few significant microevolutionary responses involving evolution of plasticity in D. pulicaria. Yet in terms of effect size, evolutionary trait change within species contributes more than 25% to total trait change in response to the heat wave for a majority of the trait × species combinations. The relative importance of intraspecific to interspecific variation varies widely among traits. Our results show that the relative importance of interspecific variation, phenotypic plasticity, and evolutionary trait change differs strongly depending on the set of species and traits studied. Taking into account this variation at different levels of biological organization is important to predict community‐wide responses to global change.

中文翻译：

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三种共生水蚤物种对热波的种间差异，可塑性和进化响应

许多研究记录了物种的遗传和表型性状随气候变化而变化，或者记录了单个物种的进化如何影响种群数量和群落组成。人口和社区层面的应对措施的整合需要多种物种的方法。在这里，我们量化了三种同时出现的水蚤物种在暴露于自然发生的热波中后的种间和种间热耐受性和生活史特征的差异。瑞香蚤（Daphnia magna），瑞香（Daphnia pulicaria）和瑞香（Daphnia galeata）的随机分离克隆的种群。在同一个池塘中，来自同一个池塘的自然热波暴露在室外。随后，我们在实验室中进行了普通的花园实验，使用了在中观筛选实验结束时分离的克隆谱系，在两个饲养温度下，测量了热耐受性和生活史特征。我们发现每个研究物种对较高的饲养热态都有明显的可塑性响应。我们只观察到涉及D. pulicaria可塑性演化的重要微进化反应。。然而，就效应大小而言，大多数特征×物种组合中，物种内的进化性状变化对总热度变化的贡献超过总性状变化的25％。种内变异对种间变异的相对重要性在性状之间差异很大。我们的结果表明，种间变异，表型可塑性和进化性状改变的相对重要性差异很大，这取决于所研究的物种和性状集。考虑到不同程度的生物组织变化对于预测整个社区对全球变化的反应非常重要。