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Climate-human-landscape interaction in the eastern foothills of Mt. Kilimanjaro (equatorial East Africa) during the last two millennia
The Holocene ( IF 2.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-20 , DOI: 10.1177/0959683620981694
Geert W van der Plas 1, 2 , Stephen M Rucina 3 , Andreas Hemp 4 , Robert A Marchant 5 , Henry Hooghiemstra 6 , Lisa Schüler 2 , Dirk Verschuren 1
Affiliation  

The Mt. Kilimanjaro region is known for its long history of intensive agriculture, but the temporal extent of human activity and its impact on the regional ecosystem are not well known. In this study, climate-human-landscape interactions during the past ~2200 years were examined using climate and vegetation proxies extracted from the continuous and high-resolution sediment record of Lake Chala. Ancient-to-modern regional human activity is documented against a backdrop of long-term vegetation dynamics in the low-elevation savanna woodland southeast of Mt. Kilimanjaro and riparian forest within Chala crater. During prolonged dry periods (~1170–1300 CE), succulent dry crater forest expanded relative to the moist lakeshore forest. The savanna landscape surrounding Chala crater was relatively stable through time, except that savanna grasses were stimulated by higher precipitation, consistent with the fuel-limited fire regime evidenced in the charcoal record. Expansion of subalpine ericaceous vegetation and a general decline in Afromontane forest taxa on Mt. Kilimanjaro after 550 CE may reflect a lowering of its upper forest line. The earliest robust signature of human influence on regional vegetation involves an increase in ruderal (weedy) plant taxa around 1100 CE, possibly associated with the development of Chagga homegardens and associated agroforestry in the submontane forest zone. A first hint of cereal agriculture (likely sorghum) is observed around 1550 CE, followed by a more robust signature from 1780 CE onwards which likely reflects the start of lowland irrigation agriculture. From 1780 CE we also find the first undisputed appearance of maize, introduced to East Africa about a century earlier.



中文翻译:

芒特山东部山麓的气候-人类-景观交互作用。乞力马扎罗山(赤道东非)在最近两千年中

山。乞力马扎罗地区以集约化农业的悠久历史而闻名,但人类活动的时间范围及其对区域生态系统的影响尚不为人所知。在这项研究中,使用从查拉湖连续而高分辨率的沉积物记录中提取的气候和植被代理,对过去〜2200年间的气候-人类-景观相互作用进行了研究。在山东南部低海拔稀树草原林地中长期植被动态的背景下,记录了古代到现代的区域人类活动。查拉火山口内的乞力马扎罗山和河岸森林。在延长的干旱时期(〜1170-1300 CE),多汁的火山口森林相对于潮湿的湖岸森林扩张。随着时间的推移,Chala火山口周围的热带草原景观相对稳定,除了稀树草原草受到较高的降水量刺激外,与木炭记录中证明的限制燃料的燃烧方式一致。山顶亚高山菊科植被的扩展和Afromontane森林分类群的普遍减少。公元550年之后的乞力马扎罗山可能反映出其林线的降低。人类对区域植被影响的最早有力的特征是在公元1100年左右增加了rud草(杂草)植物类群的增加,这可能与Chagga家园的发展以及山下森林区的相关农林业有关。大约在公元1550年观察到谷物农业(可能是高粱)的第一个迹象,其次是从公元1780年开始的更强劲的信号,这很可能反映了低地灌溉农业的开始。从公元1780年开始,我们还发现了玉米的第一个无可争议的外观,

更新日期:2020-12-21
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