1. Lakes are vulnerable to climate change, and warming rates in the Arctic are faster than anywhere on Earth. Fishes are sensitive to changing temperatures, which directly control physiological processes. Food availability should partly dictate responses to climate change because energetic demands change with temperature, but few studies have simultaneously examined temperature and food availability.
2. We used a fully factorial experiment to test effects of food availability and temperature (7.6, 12.7, and 17.4°C; 50 days) on growth, consumption, respiration, and excretion, and effects of temperature (12 and 19.3°C; 27 days) on habitat use and growth of a common, but understudied, mid‐level consumer, slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus, in arctic lakes. We also used bioenergetics modelling to predict consumptive demand under future warming scenarios.
3. Growth rates were 3.4× higher at 12.7°C in high food compared to low food treatments, but the magnitude of differences depended on temperature. Within low food treatments, there was no statistical difference in growth rates among temperatures, suggesting food limitation. Consumption, respiration, and nitrogen excretion increased with temperature independent of food availability. Lower growth rates coincided with lower phosphorus excretion at the highest temperature, suggesting that fish selectively retained phosphorus at high temperatures and low food. In habitat choice experiments, fish were more likely to use the 12°C side of the tank, closely matching their optimal temperature. We predicted a 9% increase in consumption is required to maintain observed growth under a 4°C warming scenario.
4. These results highlight considering changes in food resources and other associated indirect effects (e.g. excretion) that accompany changing temperatures with climate change. Depending on how food webs respond to warming, fish may cope with predicted warming if density‐dependent feedback maintains population sizes.

中文翻译：

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气温升高对北极黏糊糊的美洲狮Cottus cognatus的影响由食物供应量介导：对气候变化的影响

1. 湖泊易受气候变化的影响，北极的升温速度比地球上任何地方都要快。鱼类对温度变化敏感，温度变化直接控制着生理过程。食物供应应该部分决定对气候变化的反应，因为能量需求随温度而变化，但是很少有研究同时研究温度和食物供应。
2. 我们使用全因子实验来测试食物供应量和温度（7.6、12.7和17.4°C； 50天）对生长，消耗，呼吸和排泄的影响以及温度（12和19.3°C； 27天）的影响）关于北极湖中常见但未被充分研究的中级食用粘液状豆Cottus cognatus的栖息地使用和生长的信息。我们还使用生物能学模型来预测未来变暖情景下的消费需求。
3. 与低食物处理相比，高食物在12.7°C下的生长速率高3.4倍，但差异的大小取决于温度。在低食物处理中，温度之间的增长率没有统计学差异，表明食物有限。消费，呼吸和氮排泄随温度而增加，与食物供应无关。较低的生长速率与最高温度下的磷排泄量较低相吻合，表明鱼类在高温和低食物条件下选择性地保留了磷。在栖息地选择实验中，鱼更可能使用水箱的12°C侧，与最佳温度紧密匹配。我们预测，在4°C的变暖情景下，要维持观察到的增长，需要增加9％的消费。
4. 这些结果着重考虑了食物资源的变化以及伴随温度变化和气候变化的其他相关间接影响（例如排泄）。根据食物网对变暖的反应，如果依赖密度的反馈保持种群数量，鱼类可能会应付预期的变暖。