All over the world, people are prevented from participating fully in society through mechanisms that go beyond the structural and institutional barriers that rational choice theory identifies (—poverty, exclusion by law or force, taste-based or statistical discrimination, and externalities from social networks differentiated by socioeconomic status). This paper discusses four additional mechanisms that can be explained by bounded rationality: (a) implicit discrimination, (b) self-stereotyping and self-censorship, (c) rules of thumb adapted to disadvantaged environments that are dysfunctional in more privileged settings, and (d) “adaptive preferences,” in which an excluded group comes to view its exclusion as natural. Institutions, if they are stable, come to have cognitive foundations---concepts, categories, social identities, and worldviews---through which people mediate their perceptions of themselves and the world around them. Abolishing or reforming a discriminatory institution may have little effect on the social categories it created; groups previously discriminated against by law may remain excluded through custom and habits of the mind. Recognizing new forces of social exclusion, behavioral economics identifies ways to offset them. Some interventions have had very consequential impacts.

中文翻译：

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社会排斥的原因：行为经济学的见解

在世界各地，人们都无法通过超出理性选择理论所确定的结构和制度障碍（-贫困，法律或武力排斥，基于品味或统计歧视以及社交网络外部性）的机制来阻止人们充分参与社会。根据社会经济地位进行区分）。本文讨论了可以用有限理性解释的四种其他机制：（a）隐性歧视，（b）自我定型和自我审查，（c）适应于在特权更高的环境下功能失调的弱势环境的经验法则，以及（d）“适应性偏好”，其中被排斥的群体将其排斥视为自然。如果机构稳定，就会有认知基础-概念，类别，社会身份，和世界观-通过这种观点，人们可以调解自己对自己以及周围世界的看法。废除或改革歧视性制度对其建立的社会类别影响不大；以前因法律而受到歧视的群体可能会由于习俗和思维习惯而被排除在外。认识到社会排斥的新力量，行为经济学确定了抵消它们的方法。一些干预措施产生了非常重大的影响。行为经济学确定了抵消它们的方法。一些干预产生了非常重要的影响。行为经济学确定了抵消它们的方法。一些干预产生了非常重要的影响。