This paper studies the impact of immigration on wages, internal migration and welfare. Using U.S. Census data, I estimate a spatial equilibrium model where labor differs by skill level, gender and nativity. Workers are heterogeneous in city preferences. Cities vary in productivity levels, housing prices and amenities. I use the estimated model to assess the distributional consequences of several immigration policies. The results show that a skill selective immigration policy leads to welfare gains for low skill workers, but welfare losses for high skill workers. The negative impacts are more substantial among the incumbent high skill immigrants. Internal migration mitigates the initial negative impacts, particularity in cities where high skill workers are relatively mobile. However, the negative impacts on some workers intensify. This is because an out-migration of workers of a given type may raise the local wages for workers of that type, while reducing the local wages of workers with complementary characteristics. Overall, there are substantial variations in the welfare effects of immigration across and within cities. Further, I also use the model to assess a non-selective immigration policy and deportation of unauthorized immigrants in specific areas.

中文翻译：

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移民对工资、国内移民和福利的影响

本文研究了移民对工资、国内移民和福利的影响。使用美国人口普查数据，我估计了一个空间均衡模型，其中劳动力因技能水平、性别和出生而不同。工人对城市的偏好是异质的。城市在生产力水平、房价和便利设施方面各不相同。我使用估计模型来评估几种移民政策的分配后果。结果表明，技能选择性移民政策导致低技能工人的福利增加，但高技能工人的福利损失。在现有的高技能移民中，负面影响更为显着。内部移民减轻了最初的负面影响，特别是在高技能工人相对流动的城市。然而，对一些工人的负面影响加剧。这是因为特定类型工人的外迁可能会提高该类型工人的当地工资，同时降低具有互补特征的工人的当地工资。总体而言，城市之间和城市内移民的福利影响存在很大差异。此外，我还使用该模型来评估非选择性移民政策和特定地区对非法移民的驱逐。