Traditionally, leadership research has focused on unidirectional questions in which leader attributes are considered to determine follower outcomes. However, many phenomena between leaders (x) and followers (y) involve a simultaneous influence process in which x affects y, and y also affects x (i.e., simultaneity). Unfortunately, this simultaneity bias creates endogeneity and is often not properly addressed in the extant leadership literature. In three studies, we demonstrate the challenges of simultaneity bias and present two methodological solutions that can help to correct problems of simultaneity bias. We focus on simultaneity that occurs between follower resistance and leader control. We mathematically demonstrate the simultaneity bias using a simulated dataset and show how this bias can be statistically solved using an instrumental variable estimation approach. Furthermore, we present how the simultaneity bias can be resolved using an experimental design. We discuss how our approach advances theory and methods for leadership research.

传统上，领导力研究集中于单向性问题，其中考虑领导者属性以确定跟随者的结果。但是，领导者（x）和跟随者（y）之间的许多现象涉及同时影响过程，其中x影响y，并且y也影响x（即同时性）。不幸的是，这种同时发生的偏见造成了内生性，并且在现存的领导力文献中常常没有适当地解决。在三项研究中，我们演示了同时偏差的挑战，并提出了两种方法学解决方案，可以帮助纠正同时偏差问题。我们关注跟随者抵抗与领导者控制之间的同时性。我们使用一个模拟数据集以数学方式证明了同时偏差，并展示了如何使用一种工具变量估计方法来统计地解决这一偏差。此外，我们介绍了如何使用实验设计解决同步偏差。我们讨论了我们的方法如何促进领导力研究的理论和方法。