There is a rich literature on the importance of historical agriculture as long-term shaper of culture, institutions, and economic development. How much this changes over time, however, we understand much less. In Kenya, we compare the educational attainment between individuals with nomadic and non-nomadic ancestors over time and find a large and quite persistent gap in all periods that we examine (2006, 2009, 2013, 2016) as well as in different age cohorts. We find an especially large gap for individuals with nomadic ancestors who live in rural areas and who are women. In urban areas, we also do find evidence for some, recent improvement, but only when we restrict the comparison group to individuals from other non-English and non-Swahili speaking ethnicities.

中文翻译：

---

肯尼亚的原始生活方式和人力资本形成

关于历史农业作为文化，制度和经济发展的长期塑造者的重要性，有很多文献。随着时间的推移，这种变化有多大，但是，我们了解的却少得多。在肯尼亚，我们比较了游牧和非游牧祖先个体之间的受教育程度，发现在我们考察的所有时期（2006年，2009年，2013年，2016年）以及不同年龄组中，存在着巨大且相当持久的差距。对于生活在农村地区的妇女和游牧祖先的个人，我们发现差距特别大。在城市地区，我们也确实找到了一些近期改进的证据，但前提是我们仅将比较人群限制在其他非英语和非斯瓦希里语族裔的个人中。