ABSTRACT

Looking at mediated, political and wider public discourses on immigration in Poland since 2015 and exploring these in the context of the country’s right-wing populist politics, the paper develops a multi-step normalisation model which allows analysing how radical or often blatantly racist discourse can not only be strategically introduced into the public domain but also evolve into an acceptable and legitimate perspective in perceptions of immigrants and refugees. The paper highlights the strategic as well as opportunistic introduction of anti-immigration rhetoric in/by the political mainstream in Poland in recent years, often on the back of the so-called post-2014 European “Refugee Crisis”. It explores normalisation as part and parcel of a wider multistep process of strategically orchestrated discursive shifts wherein discourses characterised by extreme positions have been enacted, gradated/perpetuated and eventually normalised as an integral part of pronounced right-wing populist agenda. The paperfurthers a view that normalisation entails the creation and sustainment of a peculiar borderline discourse wherein unmitigated radical statements are often married with seemingly civil and apparently politically correct language and argumentation. The latter are used to pre-/legitimise uncivil or even outright radical positions and ideologies by rationalising them and making them into acceptable elements of public discourse.

摘要

自2015年以来，我们研究了波兰关于移民的媒介式，政治性和广泛性公共言论，并在该国右翼民粹主义政治背景下进行了探索，该论文建立了一个多步骤归一化模型，该模型可以分析激进或经常公然的种族主义话语如何能够不仅在策略上被引入公共领域，而且在对移民和难民的看法上也发展成为可以接受且合法的观点。该论文重点介绍了近年来（通常是在所谓的2014年后欧洲“难民危机”的背景下）波兰政治主流人士提出的反移民言论的战略以及机会主义的策略。它探讨规范化是战略性安排的话语转换的更广泛的多步骤过程的组成部分其中以极端立场为特色的话语已经被制定，分级/延续并最终归一化为已宣布的右翼民粹主义议程的组成部分。该论文进一步认为，规范化需要创造和维持一种特殊的边界话语，在这种话语中，没有被束缚的激进言论常常与看似文明的，在政治上似乎正确的语言和论据相结合。后者通过合理化并将其变成公共话语中可以接受的元素，用于预先/合法化不文明甚至彻底的激进立场和意识形态。