ABSTRACT

Throughout the world in 2020 the Covid-19 pandemic caused wide-spread infections, realignments of medical priorities, pervasive shortages and rationing of medical care, increases in the hidden components of morbidity icebergs, and substantial mortality. It also caused two types of international disequilibrium: ‘excess supply’ in the macroeconomic sphere generated by lockdowns and ‘excess demand (shortage)’ in critical product markets (e.g., personal protective equipment). Although the simultaneous and global nature of these phenomena and problems in 2020 were unusual, many of them have been evident in national medical systems over the past decade. The key questions addressed in this article are: (1) What are the relationships between economic systems, government priorities, shortages in health services, and compensatory policies? and (2) How did resource constraints, priority shifts, shortages, bottlenecks in production, and rationing during 2000–2019 influence the initial conditions of medical systems in the UK and Russia in 2020 when confronting Covid-19 epidemics?

摘要

到2020年，全球Covid-19大流行导致了广泛的感染，医疗优先事项的调整，普遍短缺和医疗服务的定量分配，发病率冰山的隐性组成部分增加以及大量死亡。它还造成了两种国际不平衡：锁定造成的宏观经济领域的“过度供应”和关键产品市场（例如，个人防护设备）的“过度需求（短缺）”。尽管这些现象和问题在2020年的同时性和全球性是不同寻常的，但在过去的十年中，许多现象已在国家医疗系统中显现出来。本文解决的关键问题是：（1）经济体系，政府优先事项，医疗服务短缺，和补偿政策？（2）在2000-2019年期间，面对Covid-19流行病时，资源限制，优先级转移，短缺，生产瓶颈和配给量如何在2020年影响英国和俄罗斯医疗系统的初始状况？