Several hundred years ago, when production began to shift to factories, the firm became a bureaucracy that organized and planned production and its sale. Most production occurred in the cottage or household or in relatively small, craftsfocused shops. The ascendance of the bureaucracy during this period occurred when people, things, and information moved slowly. Network connections between people and organizations were relatively few, short, slow, and at times impossible to develop. As we entered the Industrial Revolution, few recognized that the transformation was less about manufacturing and mostly about the ascendance of communication and transportation technologies. These developments enabled a revolution in manufacturing and established network connections between people and organizations that increasingly extended to networks connecting things, people and organizations. By the 1950’s, most developed countries were moving beyond the industrial era and were entering what some called a ‘‘postindustrial’’, ‘‘services’’, ‘‘information,’’ and ‘‘network’’ society. In this era, the revolutions in transportation and communication continued and were joined by a revolution in computation. Soon, the network connections and the transmission of information between people and organizations became many, long, fast, and more easily performed. During the Industrial Revolution economics was developing as a science, largely based on the pursuit of a Newtonianlike equilibrium model of markets and the economy. At the same time the manufacturing or goods-dominant (G-D) logic of management also developed. G-D logic embraced separating the consumer from the firm (producer) in order for the firm to focus on producing large quantities of homogeneous goods with workers performing highly specialized tasks that increased efficiency (lower costs). These produced goods would then be inventoried and transported to customers

中文翻译：

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服务视角

几百年前，当生产开始转移到工厂时，公司变成了一个组织和计划生产和销售的官僚机构。大多数生产发生在小屋或家庭或相对较小的以手工艺品为主的商店。这一时期官僚主义的崛起发生在人、物、信息移动缓慢的时候。人与组织之间的网络连接相对较少、时间短、速度慢，有时甚至无法发展。当我们进入工业革命时，很少有人意识到转型与制造业无关，而主要与通信和运输技术的进步有关。这些发展促成了制造业的一场革命，并在人与组织之间建立了网络连接，并逐渐扩展到连接事物、人和组织的网络。到 1950 年代，大多数发达国家已经超越了工业时代，进入了一些所谓的“后工业”、“服务”、“信息”和“网络”社会。在这个时代，交通和通讯的革命仍在继续，并伴随着计算的革命。很快，人与组织之间的网络连接和信息传输变得多、长、快、更容易执行。在工业革命期间，经济学发展为一门科学，主要基于对市场和经济的牛顿式均衡模型的追求。与此同时，管理的制造或商品主导（GD）逻辑也得到了发展。GD 逻辑包含将消费者与公司（生产者）分开，以便公司专注于生产大量同质商品，工人执行高度专业化的任务，从而提高效率（降低成本）。然后将这些生产的商品进行盘点并运送给客户