Clause-embedding predicates come in three major varieties: (i) responsive predicates (e.g. know) are compatible with both declarative and interrogative complements; (ii) rogative predicates (e.g. wonder) are only compatible with interrogative complements; and (iii) anti-rogative predicates (e.g. hope) are only compatible with declarative complements. It has been suggested that these selectional properties are at least partly semantic in nature. In particular, it has been proposed that the anti-rogativity of neg-raising predicates like believe comes from the triviality in meaning that would arise with interrogative complements. This paper puts forward a similar semantic explanation for non-veridical preferential predicates such as hope, which are anti-rogative, unlike their veridical counterparts such as be happy, which are responsive.

中文翻译：

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*希望-难题

子句嵌入谓词有三种主要变体：（i）响应性谓词（例如know）与声明性和查询性补语都兼容；（ii）疑问谓词（例如：wonder）仅与疑问补语兼容；（iii）反疑问谓语（例如hope）仅与声明性补语兼容。已经提出这些选择属性本质上至少部分是语义的。尤其是，有人提出，像信念这样的否定性谓词的反权利来自琐碎的意思，这在疑问补语中会出现。本文针对非常规优先谓词（例如hope）提出反义词的语义解释，这与非常规优先谓词（例如happy）是响应性的。