There has been a recent explosion of research into figurative language, with exciting new theoretical developments regarding how figurative expressions are processed, understood, and represented in the brain, as well as the social and emotional consequences of using this kind of language. This special issue focuses on the novel proposal that the key aspect influencing processing is that of “defaultness.” It also considers issues relating to affect, representation, and creativity, as well as ultimately how these processes may fit together. Within the framework of the Defaultness Hypothesis (Giora, Givoni, & Fein, 2015), defaultness is defined in terms of an unconditional, automatic response to a stimulus. Such responses include coded but also noncoded responses, constructed rather than accessed directly from the mental (linguistic, affective, auditory, imagistic, etc.) lexicon. Defining defaultness in terms of an unconditional, automatic response to a stimulus, allows the Defaultness Hypothesis to predict the speed superiority of default even if novel responses over equally novel nondefault counterparts, regardless of degree of figurativeness (literal–figurative), degree of negation (negation–affirmation), degree of novelty (salience-based–nonsalient, see Giora, 2003), or degree of contextual strength (weak–strong). Indeed, in Giora et al. (2015), studies, run in Hebrew, attest to the speed superiority of default yet constructed interpretations over nondefault counterparts (established as such by pretests). Specifically, default negative sarcasm (He is not the most restrained person possible) was shown to be processed faster than nondefault negative literalness and faster yet than nondefault affirmative sarcasm (He is the most restrained person possible), all embedded in equally strong contexts, supportive of their respective interpretations; similarly, default affirmative literalness (He is the most restrained person possible) was shown to be processed faster than nondefault negative literalness (He is not the most restrained person possible) and faster than nondefault affirmative sarcasm, all embedded in equally strong contexts, supportive of their respective interpretations. Given their speed superiority (see also Filik, Howman, Ralph-Nearman, & Giora, this issue; Giora, Cholev, Fein, & Peleg, this issue), default responses will feature dominantly in processing nondefault counterparts, which will lag behind. To facilitate the activation of nondefault interpretations when intended, speakers will try to prompt them to varying degrees by using different markers (Giora, under review; Veale, this issue). As well as investigating these important issues relating to processing, there has been increasing interest in the impact that using figurative language might have on the perceiver (see, e.g., Filik et al., 2016; Filik, Brightman, Gathercole, & Leuthold, 2017; Thompson, Mackenzie, Leuthold, & Filik, 2016; for recent overviews). In the current issue, Pickering, Thompson, and Filik explore the important functions that sarcasm may serve in preserving social relationships, for example, through softening the impact of criticism, and adding a humorous element to task-related feedback. Other ways in which figurative language may enhance the communicative experience, for example, through evoking mental imagery, are also explored (see Carston, this issue). Finally, we aim to draw together these recent advances by considering how processing operations relating to defaultness may give rise to affective responses in relation to the experience of appreciation of a stimulus. Specifically, we explore how aesthetic or hedonic affect is also the by-product of the involvement of defaultness in nondefault responses to linguistic as well as to visual stimuli (Giora

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简介：默认、情感和比喻语言

最近对比喻语言的研究呈爆炸式增长，关于比喻表达如何在大脑中被处理、理解和表示，以及使用这种语言的社会和情感后果的令人兴奋的新理论发展。本期特刊关注影响处理的关键方面是“违约”的新提议。它还考虑与情感、表现和创造力有关的问题，以及这些过程最终如何组合在一起。在违约假设（Giora、Givoni 和 Fein，2015 年）的框架内，违约被定义为对刺激的无条件、自动反应。这种反应包括编码的和非编码的反应，构建而不是直接从心理（语言、情感、听觉、想象等）词典。根据对刺激的无条件、自动反应来定义违约，允许违约假设预测违约的速度优势，即使新的反应超过同样新颖的非违约对应物，无论比喻程度（字面 - 比喻），否定程度（否定-肯定）、新颖程度（基于显着性-非显着性，参见 Giora，2003）或上下文强度（弱-强）。事实上，在 Giora 等人。(2015)，以希伯来语运行的研究证明了默认但构建的解释比非默认对应物（通过预测试建立）的速度优势。具体来说，默认的消极讽刺（他不是最克制的人）被证明比非默认的否定文字处理得更快，也比非默认的肯定讽刺（他可能是最克制的人）处理得更快，所有这些都嵌入在同样强烈的上下文中，支持他们的各自的解释；类似地，默认的肯定字面意思（他可能是最克制的人）被证明比非默认否定字面意思（他可能不是最克制的人）处理得更快，也比非默认肯定式讽刺更快，所有这些都嵌入在同样强烈的上下文中，支持他们各自的解释。鉴于他们的速度优势（另见 Filik、Howman、Ralph-Nearman 和 Giora，本期；Giora、Cholev、Fein 和 Peleg，本期），默认响应将在处理非默认对应物时占主导地位，这将落后。为了在有意时促进非默认解释的激活，发言者将尝试使用不同的标记在不同程度上提示他们（Giora，正在审查；Vale，本期）。除了调查与处理相关的这些重要问题外，人们对使用比喻语言可能对感知者产生的影响越来越感兴趣（参见，例如，Filik 等人，2016 年；Filik、Brightman、Gathercole 和 Leuthold，2017 年；Thompson、Mackenzie、Leuthold 和 Filik，2016 年；最近的概述）。在本期中，皮克林、汤普森和菲利克探讨了讽刺在维护社会关系方面可能发挥的重要作用，例如，通过缓和批评的影响，并在与任务相关的反馈中添加幽默元素。还探讨了比喻语言可以增强交际体验的其他方式，例如，通过唤起心理意象（见卡斯顿，本期）。最后，我们的目标是通过考虑与违约相关的处理操作如何引起与对刺激的欣赏体验相关的情感反应，从而汇集这些最新进展。具体来说，我们探索审美或享乐影响如何也是默认参与对语言和视觉刺激的非默认反应的副产品（Giora 我们的目标是通过考虑与违约相关的处理操作如何引起与对刺激的欣赏体验相关的情感反应来汇集这些最新进展。具体来说，我们探索审美或享乐影响如何也是默认参与对语言和视觉刺激的非默认反应的副产品（Giora 我们的目标是通过考虑与违约相关的处理操作如何引起与对刺激的欣赏体验相关的情感反应，从而汇集这些最新进展。具体来说，我们探索审美或享乐影响如何也是默认参与对语言和视觉刺激的非默认反应的副产品（Giora