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Generics and typicality: a bounded rationality approach
Linguistics and Philosophy ( IF 1.167 ) Pub Date : 2019-07-23 , DOI: 10.1007/s10988-019-09265-8
Robert van Rooij , Katrin Schulz

Cimpian et al. ( 2010 ) observed that we accept generic statements of the form ‘ G s are f ’ on relatively weak evidence, but that if we are unfamiliar with group G and we learn a generic statement about it, we still treat it inferentially in a much stronger way: (almost) all G s are f . This paper makes use of notions like ‘representativeness’, ‘contingency’ and ‘relative difference’ from (associative learning) psychology to provide a uniform semantics of generics that explains why people accept generics based on weak evidence. The spirit of the approach has much in common with Leslie’s cognition-based ideas about generics, but the semantics will be grounded on a strengthening of Cohen’s ( 1999 ) relative readings of generic sentences. In contrast to Leslie and Cohen, we propose a uniform semantic analysis of generics. The basic intuition is that a generic of the form ‘ G s are f ’ is true because f is typical for G , which means that f is valuably associated with G . We will make use of Kahneman and Tversky’s Heuristics and Biases approach, according to which people tend to confuse questions about probability with questions about representativeness, to explain pragmatically why people treat many generic statements inferentially in a much stronger way.

中文翻译:

泛型和典型性:有限理性方法

辛皮安等人。( 2010 ) 观察到,我们在相对较弱的证据上接受“G s are f”形式的一般陈述,但是如果我们不熟悉 G 组并且我们了解了关于它的一般陈述,我们仍然会以更强的推论来对待它方式:(几乎)所有 G 都是 f 。本文利用(联想学习)心理学中的“代表性”、“偶然性”和“相对差异”等概念提供了一个统一的泛型语义,解释了为什么人们基于弱证据接受泛型。该方法的精神与 Leslie 关于泛型的基于认知的思想有很多共同之处,但语义将建立在 Cohen (1999) 对泛型句子的相关阅读的强化之上。与 Leslie 和 Cohen 相比,我们提出了对泛型的统一语义分析。基本的直觉是“G s are f”形式的泛型是正确的,因为 f 是 G 的典型,这意味着 f 与 G 有重要的关联。我们将利用 Kahneman 和 Tversky 的启发式和偏见方法,根据该方法人们倾向于将概率问题与代表性问题混淆,以务实的方式解释为什么人们以更强的方式推理性地处理许多泛型陈述。
更新日期:2019-07-23
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