It is assumed from a usage-based perspective that learner language constructions emerge from natural language use in social interaction through exemplar learning. In L1, young learners have been shown to develop their constructions from lexically specific, formulaic expressions into more productive, abstract schemas. A similar developmental path has been shown for L2 development, with some exceptions. The aim of the current study is to explore to what extent the default assumption holds for L2 learning. The development of two constructions was traced in four adults learning L2 Finnish. Free-response data, collected weekly over a period of 9 months, were used to investigate the productivity of the constructions. The results show that, contrary to the traditional assumption, L2 learners do not start off with only lexically specific expressions, but that both lexically specific and more productive constructions are used from the beginning. Our results therefore suggest that, for educated adult L2 learners, the schema formation can happen rather quickly and even without the repetition of a specific lexical sequence.

中文翻译：

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L2芬兰语中的词汇特定与生产性结构

从基于使用的角度假设，学习者语言结构是通过示例学习从社交互动中的自然语言使用中产生的。在 L1 中，年轻的学习者已经被证明可以将他们的结构从词汇特定的、公式化的表达发展为更有成效的抽象图式。L2 开发也显示了类似的发展路径，但有一些例外。当前研究的目的是探索默认假设在多大程度上适用于二语学习。在学习 L2 芬兰语的四名成年人中，对两种结构的发展进行了追踪。在 9 个月内每周收集的自由响应数据用于调查建筑的生产力。结果表明，与传统假设相反，L2 学习者并不是从只使用特定词汇的表达开始的，但是从一开始就使用了词汇特定和更高效的结构。因此，我们的研究结果表明，对于受过教育的成年 L2 学习者，图式形成可以相当快地发生，甚至不需要重复特定的词汇序列。