Critical language awareness (CLA) is increasingly identified as a central component of the Spanish heritage language (SHL) classroom (Leeman, 2005; Martínez, 2003; among others). As a minority language, SHL is subject to sociopolitical, cultural, and economic forces that devalue its status. It is devalued in the eyes of the public, as a legitimate U.S. language, and as something worthy of being maintained. It is essential that students receive instruction not only in the heritage language, but also on the contextual factors that affect the Spanish-English sociopolitical relationship in the United States. Such instruction will enable learners to begin resisting heritage language loss by questioning language ideologies that promote English monolingualism and standard, monolingual Spanish as the ideal norm. The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire with adequate psychometric properties to measure CLA in the SHL context. The respondents were 301 students enrolled in SHL courses in four U.S. universities. The questionnaire results were submitted to a series of statistical analysis to investigate how well the instrument meets the criteria of reliability and validity specified in this study. The final 19-item instrument had adequate psychometric properties and detected change in the CLA of students in a class where CLA was taught.

中文翻译：

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遗产环境的批判性语言意识：测量问卷的开发和验证

批判性语言意识 (CLA) 越来越被认为是西班牙传统语言 (SHL) 课堂的核心组成部分（Leeman，2005；Martínez，2003；等等）。作为一种少数民族语言，SHL 受到贬低其地位的社会政治、文化和经济力量的影响。它在公众眼中被贬低，作为一种合法的美国语言，值得维护。学生不仅要接受传统语言的指导，还要接受影响美国西班牙-英语社会政治关系的语境因素的指导，这一点至关重要。这种教学将使学习者能够通过质疑促进英语单语制和标准、单语西班牙语作为理想规范的语言意识形态，开始抵制传统语言的流失。本研究的目的是开发一个具有足够心理测量特性的问卷，以测量 SHL 背景下的 CLA。受访者是在美国四所大学就读 SHL 课程的 301 名学生。将问卷结果提交给一系列统计分析，以调查该工具在多大程度上符合本研究中规定的信度和效度标准。最后的 19 项工具具有足够的心理测量特性，并检测到在教授 CLA 的班级中学生的 CLA 发生了变化。将问卷结果提交给一系列统计分析，以调查该工具在多大程度上符合本研究中规定的信度和效度标准。最后的 19 项工具具有足够的心理测量特性，并检测到在教授 CLA 的班级中学生的 CLA 发生了变化。将问卷结果提交给一系列统计分析，以调查该工具在多大程度上符合本研究中规定的信度和效度标准。最后的 19 项工具具有足够的心理测量特性，并检测到在教授 CLA 的班级中学生的 CLA 发生了变化。