Language policy and planning (LPP) has always drawn on research and scholarship in education as well as the social sciences in general (in particular sociology). Social theory has also figured as an important source of ideas and concepts, and critical LPP has arisen as a distinct strand of inquiry since the 1980s (Tollefson, in Planning language, planning inequality: language policy in the community. Longman, London, 1991; Tollefson (ed) Language policies in education: critical issues. Routledge, London, 2013). More recently, critical LPP researchers have begun to turn to political economy, as a source discipline, and neoliberalism, as a baseline concept, in the study of LPP-related phenomena and practices in a range of contexts (Ricento 2015; Tollefson & Pérez-Milans 2018). This paper examines how a critical political economy-oriented approach may be applied in a specific context, that of Catalonia, where most would agree that there has been a relatively successful recovery of a minority language situated in a larger nation-state structure traditionally dominated by a monolingual (Spanish) polity. This critical approach explores, on the one hand, how political economy—which examines the power relations that mutually constitute the production, distribution, and consumption of resources and the class relations that emerge within these processes—may be brought to bear on issues arising in the ongoing development of LPP in Catalonia. In addition, this critical approach is attentive to issues around race and ethnicity which inevitably arise in societies experiencing high levels of immigration, as has been the case in Catalonia over the past 25 years. This paper aims to bring these two strands together, examining how two key matters of interest in political economy today– inequality and class—intersect with race and ethnicity in the ongoing development of language policy in Catalonia, focussing specifically on the Barcelona metropolitan area. And further to this, it aims to understand how this intersectionality is, at the same time, intersected by the nexus of a Catalan national, cultural and linguistic identity emerging from the aforementioned relatively successful recovery of Catalan over the past several decades.

语言政策和规划 (LPP) 一直利用教育和一般社会科学（特别是社会学）的研究和学术成果。社会理论也被认为是思想和概念的重要来源，自 1980 年代以来，批判性 LPP 已作为一个独特的研究方向出现（Tollefson，在规划语言，规划不平等：社区中的语言政策。朗文，伦敦，1991 年； Tollefson (ed) 教育中的语言政策：关键问题，Routledge，伦敦，2013 年）。最近，批判性 LPP 研究人员已开始将政治经济学作为源学科，并将新自由主义作为基线概念，在一系列背景下研究 LPP 相关现象和实践（Ricento 2015；Tollefson & Pérez-米兰 2018）。本文探讨了如何在特定背景下（加泰罗尼亚）应用以政治经济学为导向的批判性方法，在加泰罗尼亚，大多数人都同意，在传统上由单语（西班牙语）政体。一方面，这种批判性方法探讨了政治经济学——它研究相互构成资源的生产、分配和消费的权力关系以及在这些过程中出现的阶级关系——如何影响LPP 在加泰罗尼亚的持续发展。此外，这种批判性方法关注种族和民族问题，这些问题在经历大量移民的社会中不可避免地出现，就像过去 25 年来加泰罗尼亚的情况一样。本文旨在将这两个方面结合起来，研究当今政治经济学中的两个关键问题——不平等和阶级——在加泰罗尼亚语言政策的持续发展中如何与种族和民族相交，特别关注巴塞罗那大都市区。更进一步，它旨在了解这种交叉性如何同时与加泰罗尼亚民族、文化和语言认同的联系相交，该联系源于上述加泰罗尼亚语在过去几十年中相对成功的复苏。研究当今政治经济学中的两个关键问题——不平等和阶级——在加泰罗尼亚语言政策的持续发展中如何与种族和民族相交，特别关注巴塞罗那大都市区。更进一步，它旨在了解这种交叉性如何同时与加泰罗尼亚民族、文化和语言认同的联系相交，该联系源于上述加泰罗尼亚语在过去几十年中相对成功的复苏。研究当今政治经济学中的两个关键问题——不平等和阶级——在加泰罗尼亚语言政策的持续发展中如何与种族和民族相交，特别关注巴塞罗那大都市区。此外，它旨在了解这种交叉性是如何同时与加泰罗尼亚民族、文化和语言认同的联系相交的，这些特征源于上述加泰罗尼亚语在过去几十年中相对成功的复苏。