Mirativeexpressions, which mark surprising information (DeLancey 1997), are often expressed through linguistic forms that are also used to encode other, seemingly unrelated, meanings – e.g. evidential markers that mark lack of direct evidence (Turkish: Slobin & Aksu 1982, Peterson 2010; Cheyenne: Rett & Murray 2013; Cuzco Quechua: Faller 2002; Ostyak: Nikolaeva 1999; among others). In this paper, we show that the English particlelikefeatures a parallel polysemy between a mirative use and its better-knownhedginguse, which expresses weakened commitment to the strict denotation of a linguistic expression. After presenting several diagnostics that point to a genuine empirical difference between the hedging and mirative functions oflike, we propose that both uses widen the size of a contextually restricted set, admitting elements that were previously excluded. More specifically, hedginglikeexpands the set of ‘similar enough’ interpretations that we can apply to a linguistic expression in a context, including interpretations that we would normally consider to be too different from the context at hand. Mirativelike, on the other hand, expands the set of worlds that we are willing to consider as candidates for the actual world in the conversation, resulting in the inclusion of worlds that interlocutors have previously ruled out due to perceived outlandishness. We therefore suggest that the two uses are best treated as sharing a common semantic kernel, deriving hedging and mirativity as effects of the particular type of object to whichlikeapplies.

中文翻译：

---

标记不精确，传达惊喜：在套期保值和模仿之间

奇迹标记令人惊讶的信息的表达（DeLancey 1997）通常通过语言形式表达，这些语言形式也用于编码其他看似无关的含义 - 例如，标志着缺乏直接证据的证据标记（土耳其语：Slobin & Aksu 1982，Peterson 2010； Cheyenne：Rett & Murray 2013；Cuzco Quechua：Faller 2002；Ostyak：Nikolaeva 1999；等等）。在本文中，我们证明了英语助词喜欢具有在mirative用途和它更广为人知的用途之间的平行多义性对冲使用，表示对语言表达的严格外延的承诺减弱。在提出了几个诊断结果之后，这些诊断结果指出了对冲功能和幻象功能之间存在真正的经验差异喜欢，我们建议这两种用途都扩大了上下文限制集的大小，允许先前被排除的元素。更具体地说，对冲喜欢扩展了我们可以应用于上下文中的语言表达的“足够相似”的解释集，包括我们通常认为与手头的上下文相差太大的解释。奇迹喜欢另一方面，扩展了我们愿意考虑作为对话中实际世界候选者的世界集，从而包含了对话者之前由于感知到的古怪而排除的世界。因此，我们建议最好将这两种用途视为共享一个共同的语义内核，将对冲和模仿性作为特定对象类型的效果。喜欢适用。