Although sexual orientation (SO) is perceptually ambiguous, people are able to detect it with above-chance accuracy from faces and, sometimes, from voices. Despite a multitude of “gaydar” studies, it is unclear (1) whether vocal or facial signals carry more SO information, (2) whether raters refer to target’s SO instead of gender-role conformity when forming SO impressions, and (3) whether there are any differences for female and male targets. We collected face photographs, voice recordings, and self-reported gender-role conformity of 18 lesbian/gay and straight female and male target persons each. Study 1 (rating of SO) showed that faces led to higher accuracies than voices, which was especially true for female targets. Study 2 (rating of gender-role conformity) showed that the link between self-reported and attributed SO was mediated by self-reported and attributed gender-role conformity. Results support the centrality of gender-role conformity, more than that of SO, in impression formation.

中文翻译：

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性别（一致性）问题：性取向感知中的跨维度和跨模式关联

尽管性取向 (SO) 在感知上是模棱两可的，但人们能够从面部，有时甚至是声音中以更高的准确度检测到它。尽管有大量的“gaydar”研究，但尚不清楚 (1) 声音或面部信号是否携带更多 SO 信息，(2) 评估者在形成 SO 印象时是否参考目标的 SO 而不是性别角色一致性，以及 (3)女性和男性目标存在任何差异。我们收集了 18 名女同性恋/男同性恋和异性恋女性和男性目标人群的面部照片、录音和自我报告的性别角色一致性。研究 1（SO 评级）表明，面部导致的准确度高于声音，这对于女性目标尤其如此。研究 2（性别角色一致性评级）表明，自我报告和归因 SO 之间的联系是由自我报告和归因性别角色一致性介导的。结果支持性别角色整合在印象形成中的核心作用，超过 SO。