On 13 August 2018, US President Donald Trump signed a legislation called the ‘Export Controls Act of 2018’ (ECA) that is important for reinvigorating the export control regime in the USA. This paper argues that contents of the ECA will not only impact the USA but also the way that the ECA is structured will potentially have a long-lasting influence on international export control regimes and the role that export controls play in international trade.International export control regimes were established post-World War II as a trade measure to pursue common strategic and national security goals among allied countries. Due to the sensitive nature of national security issues, international export control agreements were structured as non-binding agreements that heavily relied on the consensus of participating countries in formulating export control lists that the participating countries could then adopt in their domestic regulations. The cohesiveness of the global export control regimes has been based on the cornerstones of the consensus-building and list-based standards. The USA established its export control regimes to complement these international export control regimes and has been a strong proponent of requesting countries to adopt the international export control lists into domestic regulations. With the passage of the ECA, the infusion of economic policy considerations such as maintaining the USA’s technological leadership through adding a category of emerging and foundational technology has changed the long-standing export control narrative. Through the changes made to the US ECA, the scope of national security subject to export control regimes has expanded from being focused on military-oriented goods and technology into one that now includes commercial technology. While the changes made through the ECA serve to protect the USA’s technological interests, the statute could also undermine important elements of the global export control regime that the international community has established in the past seventy years post-World War II.

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破坏出口管制中的共识建立和基于清单的标准：美国出口管制法对全球出口管制制度意味着什么

2018 年 8 月 13 日，美国总统唐纳德·特朗普签署了一项名为“2018 年出口管制法”（ECA）的立法，这对于重振美国的出口管制制度非常重要。本文认为，ECA 的内容不仅会影响美国，而且 ECA 的结构方式也可能对国际出口管制制度和出口管制在国际贸易中的作用产生长期影响。 国际出口管制这些制度是在二战后建立的，作为一种贸易措施，旨在实现盟国之间的共同战略和国家安全目标。由于国家安全问题的敏感性，国际出口管制协定的结构是不具约束力的协定，在制定出口管制清单时严重依赖参与国的共识，参与国随后可在其国内法规中采用这些清单。全球出口管制制度的凝聚力一直基于建立共识和基于清单的标准的基石。美国建立了出口管制制度以补充这些国际出口管制制度，并且一直强烈支持要求各国将国际出口管制清单纳入国内法规。随着 ECA 的通过，经济政策考虑的注入，例如通过增加一类新兴和基础技术来保持美国的技术领先地位，已经改变了长期存在的出口管制叙述。通过对美国 ECA 的修改，受出口管制制度约束的国家安全范围已从专注于军事产品和技术扩大到现在包括商业技术。虽然通过 ECA 做出的改变有助于保护美国的技术利益，但该法规也可能破坏国际社会在二战后过去 70 年建立的全球出口管制制度的重要组成部分。受出口管制制度约束的国家安全范围已从侧重于面向军事的商品和技术扩大到现在包括商业技术的范围。虽然通过 ECA 做出的改变有助于保护美国的技术利益，但该法规也可能破坏国际社会在二战后过去 70 年建立的全球出口管制制度的重要组成部分。受出口管制制度约束的国家安全范围已从侧重于面向军事的商品和技术扩大到现在包括商业技术的范围。虽然通过 ECA 做出的改变有助于保护美国的技术利益，但该法规也可能破坏国际社会在二战后过去 70 年建立的全球出口管制制度的重要组成部分。