This essay refracts the criminal conviction and reparations order of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the Al Mahdi case into the much broader frame of increasingly heated public debates over the protection, removal, defacement, relocation, display and destruction of cultural heritage in all forms: monuments, artefacts, language instruction, art and literature.What might the work product of the ICC in the Al Mahdi proceedings ç and international criminal law more generally ç add, contribute or excise from these debates? This essay speculatively explores connections between the turn to penal law to protect cultural property and the transformative impulses that undergird transitional justice which, in turn, often insist upon cultural change, including to cultures of oppression and impunity. Along the way, this essay also unpacks thorny questions as to how to value cultural property; how to determine what, exactly, constitutes the kind of property whose destruction should be criminalized; and which ‘cultures’ should be protected by ‘whom’ and in ‘whose’ interests. ‘Culture is who we are.’ Class of 1975 Alumni Professor of Law and Director, Transnational Law Institute,Washington and Lee University. I thank Tom Dannenbaum, Diane Marie Amann, Barbora Hola¤ , Sara Kendall, Kirsten Fisher, Lucas Lixinski, Caroline Fournet, Andrea Gumushian, Lara Nettelfield, Luka Burazin and Jastine Barrett for their input; I also thank participants in faculty workshops at Florida International University College of Law, William and Mary School of Law, University of Zagreb Faculty of Law, Griffith University School of Law, Cambridge University and Osgoode Hall Law School at York University, as well as participants in the ICC Scholars Forum in The Hague for impactful feedback. I extend further appreciations to the care and patience of two anonymous external reviewers. My greatest thanks, however, go to art historian Melissa Kerin, who catalysed my interest in this topic by inviting me to contribute to a conference on destruction and looting of cultural property held at Washington and Lee University in 2017. This essay builds upon the descriptive text of a paper presented at that conference which shall appear in a book published by Oxford University Press. [drumblm@wlu.edu] 1 Fatou Bensouda, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), in her opening statement in the ICC proceedings against Ahmed al Faqi Al Mahdi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Journal of International Criminal Justice 17 (2019), 77^99 doi:10.1093/jicj/mqy068 TheAuthor(s) (2019). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com Advance Access publication 22 February 2019 D ow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /jicj/article-at/17/1/77/5363234/ by W asington & ee U niersity user on 07 O cber 2019

中文翻译：

---

从廷巴克图到海牙及其他地方

本文将国际刑事法院 (ICC) 在 Al Mahdi 案中的刑事定罪和赔偿令折射到更广泛的框架中，即关于保护、移除、污损、搬迁、展示和破坏所有文化遗产的日益激烈的公开辩论。形式：纪念碑、人工制品、语言教学、艺术和文学。国际刑事法院在 Al Mahdi 诉讼程序和国际刑法中的哪些工作成果可能会增加、贡献或从这些辩论中剔除？本文推测性地探讨了转向刑法以保护文化财产与支撑过渡正义的变革冲动之间的联系，而后者又往往坚持文化变革，包括压迫和有罪不罚的文化。一路上，这篇文章还解开了关于如何评估文化财产的棘手问题；如何确定究竟是什么构成了其破坏应被定为犯罪的财产类型；哪些“文化”应该由“谁”和“谁”的利益来保护。“文化就是我们。” 1975 届校友法学教授，华盛顿和李大学跨国法研究所所长。感谢 Tom Dannenbaum、Diane Marie Amann、Barbora Hola、Sara Kendall、Kirsten Fisher、Lucas Lixinski、Caroline Fournet、Andrea Gumushian、Lara Nettelfield、Luka Burazin 和 Jastine Barrett 的投入；我还要感谢佛罗里达国际大学法学院、威廉玛丽法学院、萨格勒布大学法学院、格里菲斯大学法学院、剑桥大学和约克大学奥斯古德霍尔法学院，以及海牙国际商会学者论坛的参与者，以获得有影响力的反馈。我进一步感谢两位匿名外部审稿人的细心和耐心。然而，我最要感谢的是艺术史学家 Melissa Kerin，她邀请我参加 2017 年在华盛顿和李大学举行的关于破坏和掠夺文化财产的会议，从而激发了我对这个主题的兴趣。这篇文章建立在描述性的基础上在该会议上发表的论文的文本将出现在牛津大学出版社出版的一本书中。[drumblm@wlu.edu] 1 国际刑事法院（ICC）检察官 Fatou Bensouda 在 ICC 对 Ahmed al Faqi Al Mahdi 诉讼程序的开场陈述中。. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 国际刑事司法杂志 17 (2019), 77^99 doi:10.1093/jicj/mqy068 TheAuthor(s) (2019)。牛津大学出版社出版。版权所有。如需许可，请发送电子邮件至：journals.permissions@oup.com Advance Access 出版物 2019 年 2 月 22 日 Dow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /jicj/article-at/17/1/77/5363234/ by W asington & ee 大学用户 2019 年 10 月 7 日