This paper presents the results of a corpus study of pronominal gender agreement in Middle Dutch. In present-day Dutch and in several other Germanic varieties, pronouns show semantic gender agreement that is based on the degree of individuation of the referent. Dutch pronouns show variation between this type of agreement and lexical gender agreement. This study investigates how old semantic agreement based on individuation is. In particular, it aims to answer the question of whether semantic agreement has developed in response to the change from the Germanic three-gender system to a two-gender system or dates back to before this change. The results show that agreement based on individuation already existed in Middle Dutch, when the original three-gender system was still in place. This shows that this type of agreement did not develop in response to the change from three to two nominal genders. The semantic interpretation of the genders along the lines of individuation apparently existed already and could be an old Germanic, possibly Indo-European, feature. What seems to have changed over time is the proportion of semantic to lexical agreement, as semantic agreement appears to occur more frequently in present-day Dutch than in Middle Dutch. This shift in agreement preference may be due to the loss of adnominal gender marking and the resulting reduced visibility of lexical gender in the noun phrase.

中文翻译：

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语义性别协议的历时：来自中古荷兰语的调查结果

本文介绍了中古荷兰语代词性别一致性的语料库研究结果。在当今的荷兰语和其他几个日耳曼语变体中，代词表现出基于所指对象个体化程度的语义性别一致性。荷兰语代词表现出这种类型的一致性和词汇性别一致性之间的差异。本研究调查了基于个性化的语义一致性有多早。特别是，它旨在回答语义一致是随着日耳曼三性系统向两性系统的变化而发展起来的，还是可以追溯到这一变化之前的问题。结果表明，基于个性化的协议在中古荷兰已经存在，当时原始的三性别系统仍然存在。这表明这种类型的协议并没有随着从三个名义性别到两个名义性别的变化而发展。沿着个体化路线对性别的语义解释显然已经存在，并且可能是一个古老的日耳曼语，可能是印欧语系的特征。随着时间的推移，语义一致性与词汇一致性的比例似乎发生了变化，因为语义一致性似乎在现代荷兰语中比在中古荷兰语中更频繁地出现。这种一致偏好的转变可能是由于名词性标记的丢失以及由此导致的名词短语中词汇性的可见性降低。随着时间的推移，语义一致性与词汇一致性的比例似乎发生了变化，因为语义一致性似乎在现代荷兰语中比在中古荷兰语中更频繁地出现。这种一致偏好的转变可能是由于名词性标记的丢失以及由此导致的名词短语中词汇性的可见性降低。随着时间的推移，语义一致性与词汇一致性的比例似乎发生了变化，因为语义一致性似乎在现代荷兰语中比在中古荷兰语中更频繁地出现。这种一致偏好的转变可能是由于名词性标记的丢失以及由此导致的名词短语中词汇性的可见性降低。