This study investigates how social-emotional factors are related to bystanders’ responses to aggression and possible retaliation. Participants consisted of sixth and ninth graders (N = 896, 52.8% female) who indicated how likely they would be to intervene if they observed an initial aggressive act and then following retaliation. Hierarchical regression models were used to examine social-emotional predictors of bystander judgments and responses. Findings highlight that participants with high effortful control and transgressor justice sensitivity were more likely to evaluate bystander intervention as more acceptable. Furthermore, youth with higher affective empathy, sympathy, and observer justice sensitivity were more likely to report that they would engage in active bystander responses, whereas youth with higher negative affect and rejection sensitivity were more likely to report that they would engage in inactive responses to aggression. These findings have important implications for understanding how individual differences in social-emotional factors relate to bystander attitudes and responses to initial aggressive acts and to possible retribution.

中文翻译：

---

青少年时期旁观者对同伴攻击和报复的判断和反应中社会情感因素的作用

这项研究调查了社会情感因素如何与旁观者对攻击和可能的报复的反应相关。参与者由六年级和九年级学生（N = 896，52.8% 女性）组成，他们表示如果他们观察到最初的攻击行为然后进行报复，他们将有多大可能进行干预。分层回归模型用于检查旁观者判断和反应的社会情绪预测因素。调查结果强调，具有高度努力控制和违法者正义敏感性的参与者更有可能将旁观者干预评估为更容易接受。此外，具有较高情感同理心、同情心和观察者正义敏感性的青年更有可能报告说他们会积极参与旁观者反应，而具有较高负面影响和拒绝敏感性的青年更有可能报告说他们会对侵略做出不积极的反应。这些发现对于理解社会情绪因素的个体差异如何与旁观者的态度和对初始攻击行为的反应以及可能的报复相关联，具有重要意义。