Trust-based interactions with robots are increasingly common in the marketplace, workplace, on the road, and in the home. However, a valid concern is that people may not trust robots as they do humans. While trust in fellow humans has been studied extensively, little is known about how people extend trust to robots. Here we compare trust-based investments and self-reported emotions from across three nearly identical economic games: human-human trust games, human-robot trust games, and human-robot trust games where the robot decision impacts another human. Robots in our experiment mimic humans: they are programmed to make reciprocity decisions based on previously observed behaviors by humans in analogous situations. We find that people invest similarly in humans and robots. By contrast the social emotions (i.e., gratitude, anger, pride, guilt) elicited by the interactions (but not the non-social emotions) differed across human and robot trust games. Emotional reactions depended on the trust game interaction, and how another person was affected.

在市场，工作场所，道路和家庭中，与机器人之间基于信任的交互越来越普遍。但是，一个有效的担忧是人们可能不会像对待人类那样信任机器人。尽管对同伴的信任已得到广泛研究，但人们如何将信任扩展到机器人却鲜为人知。在这里，我们从三种几乎相同的经济游戏中比较了基于信任的投资和自我报告的情绪：人与人之间的信任游戏，人与机器人之间的信任游戏以及人与机器人之间的信任游戏，其中机器人的决策会影响另一个人。我们实验中的机器人模仿人类：对它们进行编程以根据人类在类似情况下先前观察到的行为做出互惠决策。我们发现人们在人类和机器人上进行了类似的投资。相比之下，社交情感（例如感恩，愤怒，骄傲，在人类和机器人信任游戏中，互动（而非非社会性情感）引起的内感有所不同。情绪反应取决于信任游戏的互动以及他人的影响方式。