This study sets forth a positive relationship between tenure insecurity and investment over different time horizons among cocoa farmers in Ivory Coast. This positive relationship stands in stark contrast to results found in many related studies. We argue that this difference stems from the types of crops considered and depends, in particular, on whether one considers annual and/or perennial crops. Given that cultivating perennial crops such as cocoa requires large upfront investments over a long period of time, retaining control over land in the long run is essential, especially when the trees reach full maturity. According to some theoretical arguments, investing is a way of retaining such control when the farmer does not have administrative rights. Our results show that cocoa farmers whose status remains precarious in terms of tenure security (migrants) have a higher propensity to invest, especially when the tree is about to yield substantially. This study thus underlines the need to account for the life cycle of crops and the associated revenue streams when assessing the relationship between tenure (in-)security and investment.

中文翻译：

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作为投资激励的土地保有权不安全：象牙海岸的移民可可农民和定居者的案例†

本研究阐明了科特迪瓦可可种植者在不同时间范围内的权属不安全与投资之间的正相关关系。这种积极的关系与许多相关研究的结果形成鲜明对比。我们认为，这种差异源于所考虑的作物类型，尤其取决于人们是否考虑一年生和/或多年生作物。鉴于种植可可等多年生作物需要在很长一段时间内进行大量前期投资，从长远来看，保持对土地的控制至关重要，尤其是当树木完全成熟时。根据一些理论论证，当农民没有行政权时，投资是保留这种控制权的一种方式。我们的研究结果表明，在保有权保障方面地位仍然不稳定的可可种植者（移民）有更高的投资倾向，尤其是在可可树即将大幅增产时。因此，本研究强调在评估权属（内）保障与投资之间的关系时，需要考虑作物的生命周期和相关的收入流。