Inter-State wars seem to have come to an end in the late 1990s; ever since, the global reality of collective violence has come down to the chaos of contemporary civil wars and terrorist attacks. In this article, it will be argued that in today's civil wars, as well as in terrorist violence, the traditional warrior ethos is fading, giving way to types of violence governed by a new psychological and social paradigm. In other words, it is assumed that the very set of values that has universally determined the male gender role and the frame of hegemonic masculinity since time immemorial has also informed the waging of war according to a “heroic regime of violence”, and this phenomenon has made war a desirable option for countless generations of young men. On the other hand, the global changes entailed by modernity seem to have undermined this warrior ethos, giving way to a “post-heroic regime” in which extermination-oriented violence, rather than combat-oriented violence, is fostered. In this article, the author will scrutinize the founding psychological and social determinants that have so far upheld the cultural construct of the heroic model, in order to illuminate the ominous consequences of the deculturation of war in today's chaotic conflicts. In such contexts, the men who are fighting1 suffer from a loss of meaning and the impossibility of gaining dignity and social recognition in an ecosystem of humiliation and ubiquitous violence that has little to do with the expectations of pride and dignity conveyed by the past ideals of heroism associated with a certain vision of masculinity. The article will also discuss ways and means of getting the message of international humanitarian law through to men on the front lines caught up in such circumstances.

中文翻译：

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英雄记忆与当代战争

国家间的战争似乎在 1990 年代末期结束；从那以后，集体暴力的全球现实归结为当代内战和恐怖袭击的混乱局面。在本文中，我们将论证，在当今的内战以及恐怖主义暴力中，传统的战士精神正在消退，让位于由新的心理和社会范式支配的暴力类型。换言之，自古以来普遍决定男性性别角色和霸权男子气概框架的一套价值观也被认为是根据“暴力的英雄政权”发动战争的，而这种现象使战争成为无数代年轻人的理想选择。另一方面，现代性所带来的全球变化似乎破坏了这种战士精神，让位于“后英雄政权”，在这种政权中，以灭绝为导向的暴力，而不是以战斗为导向的暴力，被助长。在本文中，作者将审视迄今为止支持英雄模式文化建构的建国心理和社会决定因素，以阐明战争去文化化在当今混乱冲突中的不祥后果。在这种情况下，正在战斗的人 为了阐明战争去文化化在当今混乱冲突中的不祥后果。在这种情况下，正在战斗的人 为了阐明战争去文化化在当今混乱冲突中的不祥后果。在这种情况下，正在战斗的人1在屈辱和无处不在的暴力生态系统中失去意义，无法获得尊严和社会认可，这与过去英雄主义理想所传达的自豪和尊严的期望与某种阳刚之气的愿景相关联。本文还将讨论如何将国际人道法的信息传达给处于这种情况下的前线人员。