Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions:

This study examines prosodic contrastive focus marking in the Spanish of 24 simultaneous K’ichee’-Spanish bilinguals via the following research questions: (1) How do K’ichee’-Spanish bilinguals prosodically mark contrastive focus in Spanish? (2) Is there evidence of K’ichee’ influence in Spanish prosody and is this possible K’ichee’ influence correlated with the language dominance of the bilinguals?

Design/methodology/approach:

Participants produced utterances in both broad and contrastive focus conditions via a question-answer task.

Data and analysis:

Tonic syllables of 1638 target words were analyzed according to L- and H-tone alignment and the rise of the pitch contour. Data were analyzed via linear mixed-effects models according to pragmatic condition (categorical effect) and language dominance (continuous effect).

Findings/conclusions:

Results indicate gradient effects of language dominance of possible K’ichee’ influence. Spanish-dominant bilinguals tend to prosodically mark contrastive focus to a greater degree than K’ichee’-dominant bilinguals. It is proposed that this may be due to the different focus marking strategies between K’ichee’ and Spanish. K’ichee’ primarily marks contrastive focus syntactically whereas it is much more common in Spanish to only mark contrastive focus prosodically.

Originality:

This study employs a modified version of the question-answer task, which uses video clips to elicit the data in order to include participants with low literacy rates and control the elicitations. It also provides one of the first analyses of intonation in Guatemalan Spanish and the task and data allow for direct comparisons with the K’ichee’ data produced by these same bilinguals.

Significance/implications:

These results parallel those of similar studies: among bilinguals, the syntactic contrastive focus marking strategy of one language may affect the prosodic contrastive focus marking strategy of their other language. Additionally, the use of language dominance as a continuous variable expands our understanding of inter-speaker variation in such studies.

中文翻译：

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双语语言优势和对比焦点标记：K'ichee'语法对西班牙韵律的梯度影响

目的和宗旨/目的/研究问题：

本研究通过以下研究问题，考察了24名同时存在的K'ichee'-西班牙双语者在西班牙语中的韵律对比焦点标记：（1）K'ichee'-西班牙双语者如何在西班牙语中以韵律方式标记对比焦点？（2）是否有证据表明K'ichee'在西班牙韵律中有影响，并且这种可能的K'ichee'影响可能与双语者的语言优势相关吗？

设计/方法/方法：

参与者通过问答任务在广泛和对比焦点条件下表达了话语。

数据与分析：

根据L音和H音的对齐方式以及音高轮廓的上升情况，分析了1638个目标词的音节。根据实际条件（分类效应）和语言优势（连续效应）通过线性混合效应模型分析数据。

结果/结论：

结果表明，可能的K'ichee'影响对语言优势的梯度作用。与K'ichee'占主导地位的双语者相比，西班牙占主导的双语者倾向于更好地标记对比焦点。建议这可能是由于K'ichee'和西班牙语之间的焦点标记策略不同。K'ichee'主要是在句法上标记对比焦点，而在西班牙语中，通常只标记性地标记对比焦点。

独创性：

这项研究采用了问答任务的修改版本，该任务使用视频剪辑来引出数据，以包括识字率较低的参与者并控制引诱。它还提供了危地马拉西班牙语语调的首批分析之一，并且该任务和数据可以与这些双语者所生成的K'ichee'数据进行直接比较。

意义/含义：

这些结果与类似研究的结果相似：在双语者中，一种语言的句法对比焦点标记策略可能会影响另一种语言的韵律对比焦点标记策略。此外，将语言优势作为连续变量的使用扩展了我们对此类研究中说话者间变异的理解。