Vocational counseling is rooted in a dualistic Cartesian conception of life: the separation of mind and body. In contrast, neuropsychology and cognitive psychology provide a non-Cartesian approach, emphasizing the notion of enacted mind. Recent developments in vocational psychology, such as the constructionist and relational approaches, systems theory, and calls for agency, integrate such thinking. For example, contextual action theory offers a comprehensive approach to enacted mind and enminded and encultured action. Additionally, empirical research and counseling practice offer tools not only to fulfill the criteria required by a non-Cartesian approach but bring career counseling practice closer to human experience.

职业咨询植根于笛卡尔笛卡尔二元生活观念：身心分离。相反，神经心理学和认知心理学提供了一种非笛卡尔方法，强调了已制定思想的概念。职业心理学的最新发展，例如建构主义和关系论，系统理论以及对代理的呼吁，将这种思想整合在一起。例如，情境行为理论提供了一种全面的方法来阐明已制定的思想以及包容和文化化的行为。此外，实证研究和咨询实践不仅提供工具来满足非笛卡尔方法所要求的标准，而且使职业咨询实践更接近人类经验。