Article 80 on collective redress in the GDPR contains some of the famous circa 50 derogations that have diluted the degree of harmonisation in this EU main data protection instrument in force since May 2018. The provisions on collective action available in this framework law were not transcribed in a straightforward manner into the lex specialis to the GDPR - the proposal for the reformed e-Privacy Directive (redesigned as an e-Privacy Regulation) - and have required the co-legislators’ intervention to make them more explicit. The efforts required to bring collective redress dimension into the enforcement of the rights to privacy and data protection in the EU can be better understood if discussed in the context of the overall development of this type of remedy here. The process has been fragmented whilst a binding horizontal EU-wide measure is yet to be stipulated. In the meantime, as showcased by the recent CJEU decision in Schrems v Facebook, there are important and urgent questions such as the cross-border element that need to be answered both in terms of the real exercise of access to justice in enacting data protection as well as for consumer rights more broadly. The provisions on collective redress in the new EU data protection legislation have been bold steps in strengthening fundamental rights, but their real impact will depend on other processes developing in parallel, such as the national collective redress schemes, the horizontal EU-level instruments and the case law of the CJEU and national courts.

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欧洲的数据保护与集体救济建设：探索挑战与机遇

GDPR 中关于集体补救的第 80 条包含一些著名的大约 50 项减损，这些减损淡化了自 2018 年 5 月起生效的欧盟主要数据保护文书的协调程度。本框架法中关于集体行动的规定未在以直接方式进入 GDPR 的特别法 - 改革后的电子隐私指令（重新设计为电子隐私法规）的提案 - 并要求联合立法者的干预使其更加明确。如果在此处对此类补救措施的整体发展进行讨论，则可以更好地理解将集体补救措施纳入欧盟隐私权和数据保护权利的执行中所需的努力。该过程已经支离破碎，而尚未规定具有约束力的欧盟范围内的横向措施。与此同时，正如欧洲法院最近在 Schrems v Facebook 案中的决定所展示的那样，存在一些重要而紧迫的问题，例如跨境因素需要在制定数据保护时真正行使诉诸司法的机会方面得到回答以及更广泛的消费者权利。欧盟新数据保护立法中关于集体补救的规定​​是加强基本权利的大胆步骤，但其真正影响将取决于其他并行发展的进程，例如国家集体补救计划、欧盟层面的横向文书和欧洲法院和国家法院的判例法。有一些重要而紧迫的问题，例如跨境因素，需要在制定数据保护时真正行使诉诸司法的机会以及更广泛的消费者权利方面得到回答。欧盟新数据保护立法中关于集体补救的规定​​是加强基本权利的大胆步骤，但其真正影响将取决于其他并行发展的进程，例如国家集体补救计划、欧盟层面的横向文书和欧洲法院和国家法院的判例法。有一些重要而紧迫的问题，例如跨境因素，需要在制定数据保护时真正行使诉诸司法的机会以及更广泛的消费者权利方面得到回答。欧盟新数据保护立法中关于集体补救的规定​​是加强基本权利的大胆步骤，但其真正影响将取决于其他并行发展的进程，例如国家集体补救计划、欧盟层面的横向文书和欧洲法院和国家法院的判例法。