ABSTRACT

This study investigates the factors driving football players with identical training experience and genetics to have dramatically different career paths. We studied two paired cases from a pool of 32 talented U-20 players who were twice World Champions. The first paired case is a set of monozygotic twins that played football for exactly the same period of time yet only one of them was selected for the national team. The second paired case refers to an outstanding player who got injured and withdrew from his football career and the player who replaced him in the national team. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and then analyzed inductively. The results provide a description of opportunities (affordances) that could only be taken by those who were ready to act skillfully when such rare event occurred. To act on such affordances (or not) may dramatically change the outcome of a player’s career. These results suggest that expert performance and high achievement emerge from circumstances resulting from the self-organization of several performer-environmental factors. Acting on such opportunities (affordances) implies being perceptually attuned to and ready for unpredictable events. This research builds on the ecological dynamics approach and provides a basis for further understanding of expertise and expert performance.

摘要

这项研究调查了驱动具有相同训练经验和基因的足球运动员拥有截然不同的职业道路的因素。我们从32位曾两次获得世界冠军的U-20球员中研究了两双配对的情况。第一个配对的案例是一组单卵双胞胎，他们在同一时间踢足球，但他们中只有一个被选入国家队。第二对配​​对案件涉及一名受伤并退出足球生涯的杰出球员，以及在国家队中取代他的球员。进行了半结构化访谈，然后进行归纳分析。结果提供了机会（负担）的描述，只有那些准备好在此类罕见事件发生时熟练地采取行动的人才能抓住这些机会。采取（或不采取）这种能力可能会极大地改变球员的职业生涯。这些结果表明，专家绩效和高成就来自于几种表演者-环境因素的自组织形成的环境。采取这样的机会（负担）意味着在感觉上要适应并为不可预测的事件做好准备。这项研究建立在生态动力学方法的基础上，为进一步了解专业知识和专家绩效提供了基础。采取这样的机会（负担）意味着在感觉上要适应并为不可预测的事件做好准备。这项研究建立在生态动力学方法的基础上，为进一步了解专业知识和专家绩效提供了基础。对此类机会（负担）采取行动意味着在感觉上调适并准备应对不可预测的事件。这项研究建立在生态动力学方法的基础上，为进一步了解专业知识和专家绩效提供了基础。