The large-scale persecution of European Jews during the Second World War generated massive refugee movements. We study the last wave of Holocaust refugees with a newly compiled dataset of mostly Jewish passengers from several European countries traveling from Lisbon to New York between 1940 and 1942. We find that both refugee and nonrefugee passengers were positively selected, but nonrefugees were even more so, suggesting it was predominantly the European elite who escaped the Holocaust during this period. In spite of the unique circumstances of this historical setting, this episode of migration displays well-known selection features: both refugees and nonrefugees are positively selected, and earlier passengers are more positively selected than later passengers, and economic barriers to migration apply.

中文翻译：

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逃离欧洲：大屠杀难民的健康和人力资本1

第二次世界大战期间对欧洲犹太人的大规模迫害引起了大规模的难民运动。我们使用新编译的数据集研究了最后一波大屠杀难民，这些数据集主要是来自1940年至1942年之间从里斯本到纽约的几个欧洲国家的犹太乘客。我们发现难民和非难民乘客都受到了积极选择，但非难民的选择则更多，表明在此期间逃脱了大屠杀的主要是欧洲精英。尽管在这种历史背景下存在独特的情况，但这一轮的移民活动仍显示出众所周知的选择特征：难民和非难民都被积极选择，较早的乘客比后来的乘客受到更积极的选择，并且存在移民的经济障碍。