Optimal competence is vital in safety-critical professions. To optimize (refresher) training, insight into the process of competence decay and influencing factors on competence decay is crucial. Although retention of knowledge and simple skills has been studied for many years, literature on retention of complex skills remains limited. This literature review focuses on the factors influencing retention that have been studied empirically since 2010 in the context of safety-critical professions. Furthermore, the nature of competence retention curves over time was studied. Methods. The initial search yielded 882 articles, which were scanned systematically according to inclusion criteria. The main inclusion criteria were whether refresher training or longitudinal designs were used to study competence retention. The final set of articles included in this review contains 40 articles. Results. 39 studies were carried out in the medical domain, only one article focused on aviation. The majority of studies showed that competence decreases over time. Important factors related to retention were: (a) the quality of initial training, (b) practice or refreshers, (c) personal factors, and (d) task complexity. In 23 articles enough data was provided to reconstruct and compare skill decay curves. Novices who did not practice the skill after their initial training showed faster skill decay than novices who were allowed to practice, and participants with mixed or little experience. Recommendations. More empirical research should be conducted to determine the optimal refresher interval and to study the effects of individual differences, especially regarding competence retention of complex skills outside the medical domain.

中文翻译：

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安全关键职业的能力保留：系统文献综述

在安全至上的职业中，最佳能力至关重要。为了优化（进修）培训，深入了解能力衰退的过程和能力衰退的影响因素至关重要。尽管对知识和简单技能的保留已经进行了多年的研究，但关于复杂技能保留的文献仍然有限。本文献综述重点关注自 2010 年以来在安全关键职业背景下对影响保留的因素进行了实证研究。此外，还研究了能力保留曲线随时间变化的性质。方法。最初的搜索产生了 882 篇文章，根据纳入标准对这些文章进行了系统扫描。主要纳入标准是是否使用进修培训或纵向设计来研究能力保留。本综述中包含的最后一组文章包含 40 篇文章。结果。在医学领域进行了 39 项研究，其中只有一篇关于航空的研究。大多数研究表明，能力会随着时间的推移而下降。与保留相关的重要因素有：(a) 初始培训的质量，(b) 练习或复习，(c) 个人因素，以及 (d) 任务复杂性。在 23 篇文章中，提供了足够的数据来重建和比较技能衰减曲线。与被允许练习的新手以及经验混合或经验不足的参与者相比，在初始培训后没有练习技能的新手表现出更快的技能衰减。建议。应该进行更多的实证研究，以确定最佳的复习间隔并研究个体差异的影响，