Constructing a new series of incarceration rates from 1860 to 2018, I find that Australia now incarcerates a greater share of the adult population than at any point since the late nineteenth century. Much of this increase has occurred since the mid-1980s. Since 1985, the Australian incarceration rate has risen by 130 percent, and now stands at 0.22 percent of adults (221 prisoners per 100,000 adults). Recalculating Indigenous incarceration rates so that they are comparable over a long time span, I find that incarceration rates for Indigenous Australians have risen dramatically. Fully 2.5 percent of Indigenous adults are incarcerated (2481 prisoners per 100,000 adults), a higher share than among African-Americans. The recent increase in the Australian prison population does not seem to be due to crime rates, which have mostly declined over the past generation. Instead, higher reporting rates, stricter policing practices, tougher sentencing laws, and more stringent bail laws appear to be the main drivers of Australia's growing prison population.

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第二个罪犯时代：解释澳大利亚大规模监禁的回归

构建从 1860 年到 2018 年的一系列新的监禁率，我发现澳大利亚现在监禁的成年人口比例比 19 世纪后期以来的任何时候都多。大部分增长发生在 1980 年代中期以来。自 1985 年以来，澳大利亚的监禁率上升了 130%，现在占成年人的 0.22%（每 100,000 名成年人中有 221 名囚犯）。重新计算原住民的监禁率，使其在很长一段时间内具有可比性，我发现澳大利亚原住民的监禁率急剧上升。整整 2.5% 的土著成年人被监禁（每 100,000 名成年人中有 2481 名囚犯），这一比例高于非裔美国人。最近澳大利亚监狱人口的增加似乎不是由于犯罪率，在过去的一代中大部分都下降了。相反，更高的报告率、更严格的警务措施、更严厉的量刑法律和更严格的保释法似乎是澳大利亚监狱人口不断增长的主要驱动力。